Economic Study of Migration in the Village Uparwara

Asmita Patel and Arpit Guru

Hidayatullah National Law University, Uparwara Post, Tehsil Abhanpur, New Raipur - 493661 (C.G.)

ABSTRACT:

The objective of this paper is economic study of migration in the village Uparwara which is a small settlement in the Abhanpur Tehsil, Raipur District. Migration is permanently or temporarily changing one’s place of residence and living in another place or region. Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable. All the fundamental steps of conducting a research have been followed and the migration is studied in this work. Secondary and electronic devices have been used as sources of data.

KEY WORDS: Migration, research, data collection, data analysis

INTRODUCTION:

Migration is the movement of people between regions and countries. It is the process of changing one’s place of residence and permanently living in a region or a country. It may be temporary or permanent with the intention of returning to the place of origin in future. It is not a biological event, but is influenced by the social, cultural, economic and political factors.

Economists are interested in the study of migration because migration affects the supply of skilled and semi-skilled labourers, development of commerce and industries causing change in the employment structure of the migrants. Formulation of economic policies has a close relation with the process of migration because it affects the economic and social development of a country.

Effects of Migration

Internal migration affects the place from where the people migrate and the place to which they migrate. When the migrants move from rural to urban areas, they have both positive and negative effects on the society and economy.

Ø Economic Effects: In rural areas, it reduces the pressure of population on land, the per worker output and productivity of land increases and so does per capita income. Thus family income rises which encourages farmers to adopt better means of production thereby increasing farm produce. In urban areas, the effects of migration on income and employment are varied depending upon the type of migrants. These migrants can often earn enough and remit to their homes.

Ø Demographic Effects: In rural areas, migration reduces population growth. Living in urban areas makes the migrants more health conscious. Consequently, they emphasis more on health care, and cleanliness which reduces fertility and mortality rates. In urban areas, the population of working class increases.

Ø Social Effects: migration affects the social set-up of rural communities. With intermingling of people from different castes and regions in cities, they bring new values and attitudes which gradually change old values and customs of ruralities.

Factors Leading To Internal Migration

There are a number of factors which lead to the migration of people within a country. We can explain them under push and pull factors.

Push Factors Push factors are those which push people from one place or region to another within a country. They include lack of employment at the place of residence and moving out in search of better employment opportunities, low income, shortage of land, poor quality of land, unequal distribution of land, lack of modern facilities of education and training. Some other factors are discrimination on grounds of race and religion political victimization natural calamities like flood, famine etc.

Pull Factors Pull factors are those which attract or pull people from areas or regions within a country. They include large employment opportunities, health facilities, education facilities, favourable climate, development of trade and industry, commercialization of agriculture, access to means of transport and communication, attraction of modern living conditions, security of life and property, establishment of new industries and projects, growth centers etc.

The Village Uparwara

Uparwara is a small settlement in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh. Uparwara village comes under the Abhanpur Tehsil. It is the most populated and largest village of the Abhanpur Tehsil. The village lies about 6 km east of Kendri, 4 km west of Nimora, 4 km north of Rakhi and 9 km south of Abhanpur. Over all Uparwara village is one of the wealthiest village in Abhanpur Tehsil. The average annual income of people in Uparwara village is around Rs. 50,000.The total land area in Village is about 850 Acres and the total population is around 3501.

However, the knowledge of the people of Uparwara regarding legal instruments available, legal rights and duties is questionable. Hence this project deals with the legal literacy of the people of Uparwara in detail.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

The word research is composed of two syllables, re and search.Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles. Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.

Research methodology is systematic techniques and procedures of conducting the study to gain new knowledge and help in making decisions. Research Methodology is systematic approach and methods of study concerning for obtaining new knowledge and generalization and the formulation of theories. Research Methodology covers research methods, research process, research plan and research design.

TYPES AND OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH:

From the viewpoint of objectives, a research can be classified into the following types:

1. Descriptive

2. Correlational

3. Explanatory

4. Exploratory

Descriptive research attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or programme, or provides information about , say, living condition of a community, or describes attitudes towards an issue. Correlational research attempts to discover or establish the existence of a relationship/ interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation.

Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon. Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study.

This research would deal with the state of affairs with regard to legal literacy in the village of Uparwara in detail and therefore the type of research is descriptive in nature.

RESEARCH PROCESS:

Research process consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and getting the desired result. A brief overview of the research process is:

I. Define research problem

II. Review the literature

III. Formulation of hypothesis

IV. Research design

V. Collection of data

VI. Analysis of data

VII. Interpret and report

A. FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The research problem dealt in the present project is study of migration in the village of Uparwara. I chose this problem because migration is one of the key factors for changes in population. It causes large scale changes in the size and structure of the population. Therefore this topic is of high relevance.

B. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

· Kothari C.R., Research Methodology, New Age International Publishers, 2^ndedn.

· Danny N. Bellengerand Barnett, A. Greenberg, Marketing Research – A Management Information Approach

· Fox J.H., Criteria of Good Research, Vol. 39 (March, 1958)

C. FORMULATION OF WORKING HYPOTHESIS

Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.

1. There is an increase in rate of migration of people from Uparwara.

2. There is an increase in rate of migration of people to Uparwara.

D. RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. The Research Design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. The various types of Research Design are Exploratory Research, Descriptive Research and Causal Research.

The type of research design used in this project is Cross sectional descriptive research design because the legal literacy in Uparwara has been described in detail by conducting research on the population at only one point in time..

TABLE 01

SAMPLE NO.	PLACE OF RESIDENCE	PLACE OF WORK	OCCUPATION
01	Rakhi	Uparwara	Daily wage labourer
02	Uparwara	Raipur	Mason
03	Uparwara	Abhanpur	Shopkeeper
04	Uparwara	Raipur	Factory employee
05	Uparwara	Raipur	Daily wage labourer
06	Uparwara	Raipur	Student
07	Kopra	Uparwara	Driver
08	Uparwara	Raipur	Student
09	Nimora	Uparwara	Watchman
10	Kopra	Uparwara	Daily wage labourer
11	Kopra	Uparwara	Daily wage labourer
12	Uparwara	Raipur	Domestic help
13	Kendri	Uparwara	Daily wage labourer
14	Uparwara	Raipur	Daily wage labourer
15	Uparwara	Raipur	Student

E. SAMPLING DESIGN:

The Sampling Design process includes:

i. Defining the Target Population

ii. Determining the Sampling Frame

iii. Selection of a Sampling Technique

iv. Determining the Sample Size

v. Execution of the Sampling Process

1. Defining the Target Population:

In the present case the target population is the village of Uparwara.

2. Determining the Sampling frame and selection of a sampling technique:

The various types of sampling design used are:

Probability sampling: When all the members of the population have a equal chance (probability) of being selected is known as Probability Sampling, Random Sampling and Chance Sampling.

Non-probability samples: Instances in which the chances (probability) of selecting members from the population are unknown. This type of sampling is also known as Purposive Sampling or Deliberate Sampling. The various types of Non Probability Sampling are Convenience Sampling, Judgmental Sampling, Quota Sampling and Snowball Sampling.

In this project, the sampling design used is Non Probability sampling (Convenience Sampling).

F. DATA COLLECTION:

Data Collection is an important component of research design. There are two types of data: (1) Primary data and (2) Secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected afresh for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and have passed through statistical process.

In the present research the data collected is primary in nature.

Methods of Collection of Primary Data:

The methods of collecting primary data are Observation Method, direct personal investigation by the researcher, interview method, Questionnaire method, Schedule Method etc.

The method of collection of data used in the present research is the structured interview method where pre-determined questions were asked to the respondents.

G. ANALYSIS OF DATA:

Topics on which respondents were interviewed:

1. Number of members in the family.

2. Number of members in the family who go out/ come to Uparwara for work or any other reason.

3. Number of persons who migrate in search of work.

4. Number of persons who migrate in search of better living conditions.

5. Number of persons who migrate in order to pursue education.

6. Number of persons working in organized sector.

7. Number of persons working in unorganized sector.

8. Number of persons whose families have more than one member migrating.

9. Number of persons satisfied with the migration.

The above data clearly shows the negligible level of migration in the village of Uparwara. Out of fifteen samples surveyed, nine people went out of Uparwara for search of employment or other reasons while only six moved to Uparwara for the same. Among the people moving from their residential home twelve move in search of employment, about three move in search of better educational opportunities and none move for better living conditions. Out of the people moving in search of employment, 08 find work in unorganized sector and four in organized sector. There are seven families which have more than one member migrating rather moving.

CONCLUSION:

Uparwara is a small settlement in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh. Over all Uparwara village is one of the wealthiest village in Abhanpur Tehsil. The average annual income of people in Uparwara village is around Rs. 50,000. The economic condition of the overall population is quite good in the village. Most of the people are employed in agricultural sector. Either they own their farms or work in others’ farms. People in this village do work outside the village that is, they go to different villages or the nearby city of Raipur in search of a decent job. They find work in organized as well as unorganized sector. They move to other places from Uparwara and also people from other villages come to Uparwara for working and earning.

Most of the villagers earn their livelihood in the village itself and prefer to reside in their homes only. If at all people go to outer areas in search of work, education or better living conditions, they move to nearby urban areas like the capital city Raipur which is just around 20 kms away. There is good transportation and communication facility available which makes it easier for the people to have access to these areas. They move everyday for different purposes and return to Uparwara by evening. Therefore, migration in the village is negligible. Hence it can be concluded that there is no migration in Uparwara by doing economic study of Uparwara village.

REFERENCES:

1. Kothari C.R., Research Methodology, New Age International Publishers, 2d ed

2. Danny N. Bellenger and Barnett, A. Greenberg, Marketing Research – A Management Information Approach

3. Fox J.H., Criteria of Good Research, Vol. 39, 285 (March, 1958)

Received on 12.02.2012

Revised on 16.03.2012

Accepted on 21.03.2012

TOPICS ON WHICH RESPONSE WAS SOUGHT	NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS	NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO WERE IN FAVOUR OF THE QUESTION
Number of people going out of Uparwara	15	09
Number of people coming to Uparwara	15	06
Number of people who move in search of employment	15	12
Number of people who move in search of better living conditions	15	00
Number of people who move in order to pursue education	15	03
Number of persons working in organized sector	15	04
Number of persons working in unorganized sector	15	08
Number of persons whose families have more than one member migrating	15	07
Number of persons satisfied with the movement	15	10