Conservation of forest bio-diversity, regeneration of forest cover and better management of forest resources are considered to be the solutions for this problem. Chenchus are the worst affected people due to forest degradation. Deforestation has created survival problem to them, which has much influence, as their livelihood directly depend on forest resources.

Anthropologists are concerned to look into the relationship between man and environment. It is more important both to explore the relationship between particular societies and their environments and to treat environmentalism today as the product of a particular moment in range of different cultural and social settings (Micheal Harzfeld, 2004). Early environment determinism or anthropogeography grew out of renaissance and enlightenment philosophers and travelers.

In its academic guise which it emerged roughly the same time as diffusionism. It was an attempt to engage the type and distribution of cultural features from maps showing environmental information. Among the leading components O.T.Mason (1896) sought correlations between natural features and human technologies, while Ellsworth Huntington (1924) saw climate as the main influence in the development, whole civilizations including characteristics such as religious beliefs and rituals as well as material culture. Nayak, K. B. (2004) examined the relationship between forest environment and tribal economy in Orissa State. The study indicate that the linkage of deforestation with impoverishment and marginalization among the aboriginals who dwell in forests. Cultural features of the tribals are largely determined by the forest environment in which they inhabits. Ecological balance is the path way for sustainable development of any human community. Conservation of forest bio-diversity is the best means for sustainable livelihood and development of aboriginals of Eastern Ghats environment in Andhra Pradesh (Subramanyam V 2006).

METHODOLOGY:

The study is both Qualitative and Quantitative in nature Macro level field survey study was carried out in Chintala and Palutla villages of Prakasam district, Mannanur and Bapanpadu villages of Mahabubnagar district, Kottalacheruvu and Peddacheruvu villages of Kurnool district, B.K.V.Palem and Bothukulapaya villages of Guntur district, totally eight chenchu settlements were selected in four districts where the concentration of chenchu population is more, on the basis of purposive sampling. The data, was collected by using the conventional Anthropological methods like observation (both participant and non-participant), schedule, Interview, Interview guide. Field notes and diary, Focus Group Discussion, case study, etic and emic approaches were employed to collect the empirical data from the respondents.

DISCUSSION:

Forest area in Andhra Pradesh:

Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest State in geographical area and the third largest State in forest area in the Indian Union. The total forest area of the State is 63813.73 square kilometers. Which occupies 23.20 per cent of the total geographical area of 2,75,068 square kilometers. It is almost equal to the country’s average percentage of forests.

The forests in the State of Andhra Pradesh is spread in different agro-climatic zones, with varying composition and forest types, majority which are classified as 1) Tropical deciduous, 2) Southern tropical dry deciduous, and 3) Southern tropical thorn forest. Most of the forest cover was disappeared and highly degraded owing to biotic pressure and over use of forest resources. Since last one decade, most of the degraded areas have been rescrubbed with the implementation of community forest management Programme, through more than 7100 Vana Samrakshna Samitis (VSS).

The table 1 shows the district wise distribution of geographical and forest area in Andhra Pradesh. The entire Andhra Pradesh State is classified as three geographical areas, namely 1) Telangana 2) Rayalaseema and 3) Coastal Andhra. Out of the total forest area in the State, Telengana region comprises an extent of 29248.08 Sq.Kms. forest area, followed by Coastal Andhra 19563.25 sq.kms and Rayalaseema 15008.40 sq.kms. The total mangrove forest area in Andhra Pradesh is 333sq.kms and the area under river and river bodies is about 817 sq.kms. The chenchu habitats are distributed in the forest areas of three regions, but high concentration of chenchu population found in Nallamalai forests (GOAP).

The survey of Forest Resources (2001) by FSI, Dehradun report reveals that about 408 sq.km area has been regenerated during 1999-2001 period. It is clear that the Indian Government has initiated aforestation Programmes shows some progress in regeneration of degraded forest area in the State of Andhra Pradesh too. But many research studies on this issue clearly pointed out that JFM or CFM programme has not enhanced much forest cover in the Eastern Ghats (including Nallamalai forests) of Andhra Pradesh. However, certain number of chenchus are participating in V.S.S. Programmes in some extent, through which they are getting labour employment, and considered it as one of the sources of income for them to sustain.

Table 1 District wise Distribution of Geographical and Forest area in Andhra Pradesh

S.No	Name of the District	Geographical area (in Sq.Km)	Forest area (in Sq. Km)	% of forest area to total geographical area
TELANGANA REGION
1	Adilabad	16,128	7231.89	44.8
2	Nizamabad	7,956	1812.15	22.6
3	Medak	9,699	905.94	9.4
4	Ranga Reddy	7,493	730.75	9.7
5	Hyderabad	217	-	-
6	Mahaboobnagar	18432	3032.51	16.5
7	Nalgonda	14240	836.93	5.9
8	Karimnagar	11,823	2554.86	21.6
9	Warangal	12,846	3713.14	28.8
10	Khammam	16,029	8436.94	52.6
Total		1,14,863	29242.08	25.46
COSTAL ANDHRA REGION
11	Srikakulam	5,837	686.41	11.9
12	Vizianagaram	6,539	1193.03	18.8
13	Visakhapatnam	10,807	4411.66	39.3
14	East Godavari	11,161	3232.44	29.9
15	West Godavari	7,742	811.66	10.4
16	Krishna	8,727	664.28	7.6
17	Guntur	11,391	1619.41	14.2
18	Prakasam	17,626	4424.99	25.1
19	Nellore	13,076	2519.37	19.2
TOTAL		92,906	19563.25	21.06
RAYALASEEMA REGION
20	Kurnool	17,658	3515.49	19.8
21	Kadapa	15,359	5002.95	32.7
22	Anantapur	19,130	1969.78	10.3
23	Chitoor	15,152	4520.18	20.9
TOTAL		67,294	15008.40	22.30
ANDHRA PRADESH		275,068	63813.73	23.20

Source: Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, http://forest.ap.nic.in/Facts%20and%20Figures/facts_and_figures-2009.pdf

A Large extent of forest area is under reserved category where the most primitive tribes inhabit (including chenchus). These tribes are still at pre-agricultural stage and largely depending on natural forest environment for their subsistence and survival.

Table 3 shows the forest types in Andhra Pradesh. From the table it is noticed that, out of the total forest area, 44.50 per cent of the area is tropical dry deciduous forest type, 25.30 per cent of the area is southern tropical thorn forest type, 25.20 per cent of the area is southern tropical moist deciduous forest type, 4.50 per cent of the area is littoral forest type and the rest 0.50 per cent of the area in tidalswamp mangrove forest type. It is clear that a large extent of forest area in Andhra Pradesh belongs to tropical dry deciduous thorn and bush type of forest which is mostly found in Rayalaseema area. Deciduous forest type is commonly found in coastal and Telangana regions. Chenchu habitats are mostly found in the deciduous forest of Nallamalais.

The table 4 shows the Statement of forest area by topography as per the report of Andhra Pradesh Forest Department 2004. This Statement showing the forest by topography of the catchments where pre-investment survey of the forest resources was done by the forest department. From the table it is noted that 43.6 per cent forest area is in the plain area and the rest 56.4 per cent area is endowed with hills and mountains.

Environmental changes and survival problem of chenchus:

Chenchus were identified and listed as a ‘Scheduled Tribe’ in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, in the year 1956. The Chenchus are one of the aboriginal tribes of Andhra Pradesh. The Chenchu tribe was recognized as one of the primitive tribal groups in 1975 (GOI, 1985-90). A very few references made about them by the administrators who were engaged in collecting monographic data on the tribes and castes of India (Bhowmik, 1992). Literally ‘Chenchu’ is a person who lives under a ‘chettu’, i.e. a tree. Chenchus also fall under the category of Primitive Tribal Group because of their pre-agricultural level of technology, low level of literacy, and diminishing population. They are mostly found in Kurnool, Guntur and the Mahbubnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh. Their main occupation is hunting and gathering, and they are mainly concentrated in the Nallamalai forest region (Meera and P. Chenchelgudem, 2004). As long as the chenchus remained the only inhabitants of Nallamalais, their environment suffered no artificial change. The basic characteristic of their economy-reaping only that which nature provides-precluded any real interference with the natural conditions of their surroundings. When the first break in this State of affairs occurred is difficult to mention, but perhaps this problem can be examined difficult to mention, but perhaps this problem can be examined with the archeological evidences of the area.

Both on the lower ledge and the upper plateau there are remnants of an old wall, built of rough stones and never higher than about three feet, while on the path between Medimankal and Boramacheruvu lie two great mounds of rubble, which according to the chenchus cover the bodies of various, and slain in the battle. In other parts of Hyderabad similar mounds have yielded grave-cists, and if the some were to be true of those on the Amrabad plateau, the mounds could be said to date from the early iron age. The old wall maybe equally ancient, but judgment on these problems must be reserved until at least one of the mounds has been investigated (Haimendorf 1943).Over the sourthern side of Kristna stands the famous Siva temple of Srisailam, which is mentioned in the Skanda Purana, whose origin is certainly not later than the 7^th century A.D and perhaps earlier (V.A Smith 1914). From these early times pilgrims from the whole of the northern Deccan passed through the forest of the Amrabad plateau on their way to the annual festival at the famous temple. Flights stone steps, lined by small temples, lead down into the Krishna Valley on the main pilgrims route, but though the data of their construction is doubtful, there is no reason to assume that these steps and temples are as old as Srisailam.

Two ruined forts on a ridge known as Chandra Gupta, which is surrounded on three sides by the river Krishna, probably belong to this time and near Medimankal , there is another ruined tower of the same kind, not markable in the map. There are also a number of wells on the plateau, some cut about thirty feet into the rock and lined with small stones, as well as a few tanks. These are not the works of chenchus and though it is improbable that plains people ever settled permanently on the upper plateau, fairly large outposts may have been stationed there to guard the boundary of the south. The ruins of several temples throughout the hills and the extensive buildings at Mannanur, Kottalacheruvu and Amarbad indicate that most of those traces of occupation by plains people date from the days of the last Hindu Kingdoms of the Deccan.

How long that particular invasion of the plateau by outsiders lasted is difficult to estimate, but their influence on the chenchus seems to have remained superficial. The latter no doubt avoided the outposts as much as possible and the garrisons probably paid little attention to the forest tribes. Once the invaders had left the plateau, they were soon forgotten, only their wells and tanks remained and were of lasting advantage to the chenchus, who then settled in places where before no water had been available.

The change in the environment, made chenchus consequently to modify their living conditions, came only when the plateau was taken under the Forest Department. At present, there are many government establishments and public institutions found in the plateau, and the Forest Department made certain attempts to improve and protect the forest. The recent forest policies are also have adverse effects on the livelihood of chenchus. Most of the chenchus habituated area was declared as reserved forest and their entry into it strictly prohibited even to carry or continue the subsistence activity of foraging (gathering and hunting).

During the last few decades the non-tribals have also started to exploit the Nallamalai forest environment. The available energy sources in Nallamalis also shared by the outsiders along with the original inhabitants of chenchus, which resulting to depletion of resources, thus creating food insecurity problem to this vulnerable tribal group. Due to the richness of its biological diversity, the Nallamalai forest is attracted by non-tribals staying in nearby as well as faraway places around the forest. The non-tribals exploit the forest for the cattle feed, wood smuggling, dam constructions, Pilgrimage, urban and rural needs, poaching of the wild animals etc.

Nallamalai forest is enriched for different types of grasses and foliage which serve as valuable fodder to cattle. But unfortunately chenchus life style did not encourage them to make an effective utilization of these resources. Cattle rearing is not well developed for reasons such as fear of predators and secondly, cattle rearing involves risk and constant attention in feeding and monitoring, which these leisure loving people may not be able to meet. But this opportunity is best availed by non-tribal negihbours. Their sheep and goat flocks graze in the forest all through the year. The cattle of non-tribals in thousands of number enter deep into forest for grazing for about four summer months. For those cattle that are not led into forest, Lorries and carts loads of grass is carried from the forest people from outside the forest enter into it and collect a variety of medicinal herbs with the help of the local chenchus for commercial purpose without caring for the continuity of the species. In the process some of the valuable medicinal plants have become extinct. In recent times, a few chenchu families in the field area has forcefully taken up rearing cattle alike that of the neighbouring non-tribals.

Wood smuggling is another greatest threat to biological diversity of Nallamalai forest. Through the Forest Department regulates the felling of trees for valuable timber (wood) which increases government revenue without harming ecological balance, the expected goal is not achieved. It is distressing to not that some of the species such as teak, rose wood, Nallamaddi, and bamboo varieties are gradually disappearing which has compelled for aforestation programmes. Degradation of thick forest is also forcing the chenchus, to change foraging and to take up the pursuit of cutting fire wood of small bushes and selling it in the neighbouring villages and small towns. All this forest loss is due to the unmonitored authorized felling and secret smuggling which is all done by professional timber smugglers.

The construction of hydro-electric project across Krishna River at Sundipenta has been detrimental to the forest. Thousands of hectares of forest are cleared off for installation of dam, workshops, quarters of staff and other civic amenities and their children and the consequent commercial points. The increasing human population around the dam has exerted greater pressure on the adjacent forest with regard to firewood and timber for furniture. As a result the hills around the dam are completely emptied for forest growth. The construction of Nagarjuna Sagar dam on Krishna River also resulted to the displacement of several chenchu families and facing the problem of adaption to newly rehabilitated settlements of colonies. The declaration of Tiger sanctury project in Nallamalais also created problem of displacement to considerable number of chencus and which resulted to loss of livelihood to them.

Srisailam has become an important pilgrim centre due to the officiating deities – Mallikarjuna and Bramarambha. As this site is located in the middle of the forest vast stretches of forest has to be converted into roads and other centres of public amities. With increasing civic and transport facilities at Srisailam the pilgrimage strength is increasing enormously. The increasing human movement automatically increases pollution in this natural ecosystem and ultimately harms the growth of bio-mass in Nallamalais.

The expansion of rural and semi-urban centres around the Nallamalai forest there is constant exploitation of flora and fauna by the inhabitants, for fire wood, building materials and bush meat. Especially, the non-tribals started to kill animals, cut down the trees indiscriminately for fire wood and timber. They carry bullock - cart loads of timber to construct houses and to make furniture. Whereas, the local chenchus only collect the fallen wood for fire wood and use very little timber for construction of houses, mostly bamboo wood.

Killing of animals for trade is not an uncommon incident in the Nallamalai. The important animals that are killed by the intruders are tiger, cheeta, spotted deer, sambar, wild pigs, and bear. The valuable skin, teeth, antlers and claws of these animals have great demand in international markets. This trading practice has ill effection the population size of these species of animals. On the process the chenchus are foregoing their basic livelihood sources.

The exploitation of Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) for commercial purpose was first started by outside contractors through a forest legislation by the then Hyderabad State. In due course, the timber through different government order the contractors are prevented from exploiting NTFP and the chenchus were initiated into commercial exploitation of NTFP which again proved detrimental to some of the NTFP species. For instance, most of the gum trees were dead due to overexploitation of gum for commercial purpose and in turn the chenchus lost the income from that source.

Currently, the activity of honey collection by the chenchus have enormously reduced due to degradation of forest environment. In the recent years, the government functionories with a view to provide better living condition to chenchus and to decrease dependency on forest resources, agriculture is being introduced by allotment of lands in the reserved forest. Many incentives such as plough bullocks, seeds, pesticides, tractors and other agricultural implements and also subsistence allowances were provided in the pursuit of attracting many chenchus to take up agriculture. But this is not satisfactorily successful so far. However, occupational change has been taken place among certain chenchu families in the field villages but they are not adapted fully to this new vocation. It is also noted that the chenchu peasants are not having comfortable living with the agriculture alone in the field villages.

The aforementioned discussion clearly denotes that Nallamalai forest is a thoroughly exploited eco-system for its bountiful biological diversity. The chenchus and the Nallamalai forest are inseparable as they are born and brought up in the forest and interact with it throughout their socialization and thus assume the natural heirs of the forest. As such, there is valid reason to make their living on the forest flora and fauna. The subsistence practices of chenchus are gradually changing from food collection and hunting to trade with NTFP and agriculture under the influence of developmental agencies or through voluntary decision under the conditions of resource scarcity and increasing demand. At levels of subsistence practices the chenchus are conscious of the sensitivity and continuity of the resource base and hence may be a shift from one activity to another. Once, the chenchus referred as earliest foragers and nomads or seminomads. Now they are in transitional stage from food gathering to food production. The change in their life styles is primarily due to depletion and degradation of forest environment and secondly by because of government intervention by introduction and encouraging the practice of agriculture.

It is evident that the chenchus are not the lone beneficiaries of the Nallamalai forest. Grazing in the forest is very harmful to the forest and hence a number of legislations were brought about to prevent such activities. In spite of that innumerable cattle, goats and sheep invade forest every day and huge quantity grass is carried out of the forest, in late summer fire is lit to the grassy patches with the intention to provide open ground for the growth of grass next year. All these activities along with wood smuggling carried out with the knowledge of forest personnel, cause substantial destruction to the forest, killing different plant and animals species. Similarly, the construction of hydro electric project and the development of pilgrim centre at Sundipenta and Srisailam which are neither good for chenchus nor the forest are steadily demanding inturn polluting the environment. Displacement and rehabilitation of chenchus into the colonies due to Tiger Sanctuary, Construction of Nagarjuna Sagar project on Krishna river also have adverse effects on the livelihoods of chenchus.

This in turn, has annuled the world view of chenchus and consequently their subsistence practices, as much change has taken place in the composition of biological diversity with the growing unscrupulous human intervention. Most of the edible tubers, roots, leaves, fruits and other plant products, and game animals have either disappeared in their micro-habitats and become scarce or extinction in the Nallamalai forest ecosystem. This has created many a problem to the chenchus with respect to food, shelter and medicine. The degradation of Nallamalai forest environment has much reflections on the life of chenchus and they are struggling for their survival and sustenance. The problem is further aggravated by the increase of population chenchu average. It is also noted that in recent times, some of the chenchus are migrating to the nearby caste villages for agricultural labour employment and a few of them also permanently migrated to Hyderabad for seeking Industrial labour employment.

It is noted that still some of the Adavi Chenchus live in the interior forests, they have not yet relinquished their traditional customs and style of life, and they show none of the general apathy that usually heralds the decline of a primitive race. It should therefore be comparatively easy to safeguard their future existence with measures calculated to counteract the evils attendant on the opening up of the forest, thus, it threaten their economic equilibrium.

In recent times, however, developments are moving too swiftly to allow such a slow process to take its natural course. With the exploitation of the forest and the building of roads hosts of labourers annually invade the plateau, and where a few years ago the chenchus staked sambhur and deer in the undisturbed natural forest environment, there now rings the sound of felling axes and the rattle of bullock carts. Contractors bring outside labour into the forest to harvest the Non-Timber Forest produce on which the chenchus largely depended to barter metal tools and household goods. While forest guards recruit the chenchus to work for very low wages on nursaries and to help in the demarcation of coupes. So rapidly did all these innovations beset the chenchu that he had no time to adjust himself, mentally and maternally to these new conditions. They remain baffled by developments which they cannot control, and is crushed by a feeling of helplessness when he watches the ever increasing inroads into the forests, which they always considered as disputed domain.

Were the Adavi chenchus left entirely to themselves they would not require any assistance or help, for they are a vigorous race with a high birth-rate and perfectly capable of feuding for themselves. But since the introduction of forest conservancy has crippled their economic potentialities and at the same time forced in them new contacts with outsiders, the authorities may find it necessary to adopt measures to protect them from the dangerous effects of a too sudden disintegration of their old mode of life. Such measures need not be dictated by purely humanitarian considerations. It is not a question of sustaining by artificial and charitable means a tribe already too emaciated to find its own means of subsistence, but rather of directing a process of adaptation and cultural change in such a way as to be most beneficial to the chenchus as well as to the public interest. The Adavi chenchus still following their traditional method of gathering and hunting in some extent in Nallamalais, but they are unable to exploit the required amount of calories of energy in the degraded forest environment, that is why they forced to depend on labour employment of Forest Department and NREGS initiated by the government.

CONCLUSION:

The non-tribals exploit the forest for the cattle feed, wood smuggling, dam constructions, Pilgrimage, urban and rural needs, poaching of the wild animals etc. The change in their life styles is primarily due to depletion and degradation of forest environment and secondly by because of government intervention by introduction and encouraging the practice of agriculture.

The construction of Nagarjuna Sagar dam on Krishna River also resulted to the displacement of several chenchu families and facing the problem of adaption to newly rehabilitated settlements of colonies. The declaration of Tiger sanctury project in Nallamalais also created problem of displacement to considerable number of chencus and which resulted to loss of livelihood to them. The change in the environment, made chenchus consequently to modify their living conditions, came only when the plateau was taken under the Forest Department. Most of the chenchus habituated area was declared as reserved forest and their entry into it strictly prohibited even to carry or continue the subsistence activity of foraging (gathering and hunting). Currently, the activity of honey collection by the chenchus have enormously reduced due to degradation of forest environment. Most of the edible tubers, roots, leaves, fruits and other plant products, and game animals have either disappeared in their micro-habitats and become scarce or extinction in the Nallamalai forest ecosystem. This has created many a problem to the chenchus with respect to food, shelter and medicine. The degradation of Nallamalai forest environment has many reflections on the life of chenchus and they are struggling for their survival and sustenance.

· Creation of an assured means of livelihood by allotting agricultural land and promoting supplementary dairying and animal husbandry.

· Agricultural inputs and good quality livestock should be made available. Proper rights and concessions in the forests as in the past, within the purview of the existing forest laws; social forestry should be popularized.

· Organization of small multipurpose cooperative societies with exclusive tribal membership and tribal management. These societies should meet the needs for credit, agricultural inputs, essential commodities, and marketing.

· Protection from loss of tribal identity. The chenchus are still in a pastoral stage and require careful nurturing

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to thank Prof. V. Subramanyam, Department of Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, for reading the manuscript and making many useful comments.

REFERENCES:

1. Bhowmick P K 1992. Chenchus of the Forest and Plateaus. Calcutta. Institute of Social Anthropology Development Research. International Books. Amsterdam.

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3. FSI (2001): State of Forest Report, Uttarakhand, Ministry of Environment andForest, Forest Survey of India, Dehra Dun.

4. Furer-Haimendorf, C. V. (1943). The Chenchus–Jungle Folk of the Deccan. Vol. 1. The Aboriginal Tribes of Hyderabad.

5. Huntington, E. (1924): “Geography and natural selection: A preliminary study of the origin and development of racial character” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp: 1-16.

6. Meera Guntupalli and P. Chenchelgudem 2004. Perceptions, causes and consequences of infertility among the Chenchu tribe of India. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 22(4): 249–259.

7. Micheal Harzfeld (2004), Anthropology: Theoretical Practice in Culture and Society, Rawat Publications, New Delhi.

8. Nayak, K. B. (2004): “Development of underdevelopment: Facets of deforestation and displacement in Orissa” Social Change, Vol.34, No.1, pp:26-39.

9. O.T.Mason (1896): “Introduction of the Iron Age into America”, American Anthropologist, Vol. A9, No. 6, pp: 191–215.

10. Smith, V. A. (1914). The early history of India from 600 BC to the Muhammadan conquest: including the invasion of Alexander the Great. Clarendon Press.

11. State Profile-Andhra Pradesh (2008): Government of AP. http://www.ap.gov.in/Pages/newstateprofile.aspx

12. Subramanyam V. (2006) : Environment and Sustainable Development- An Anthropological Study among the tribes of Eastern Ghats in A.P., Major Research Project Report I.C.S.S.R, (Unpublished) Dept, of Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.

Received on 12.02.2014

Modified on 25.02.2014

Accepted on 03.03.2014

Research J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 5(1): January-March, 2014, 82-89

S.No	Legal Status	Forest Area (Sq.Km)	% to total Forest
1	Reserved	50478.63	79.10
2	Protected	12365.34	19.38
3	Un notified	969.76	1.52
TOTAL		63813.73	100.00

S.No	Type of Forest	Forest Area (Sq.Km)	% to total Forest Area
1	Southern Tropical thorn forest	16,110	25.30
2	Southern Tropical moist deciduous forest	16,100	25.20
3	Tropical dry deciduous forest	28,431	44.50
4	Littoral forest	2,856	4.50
5	Tidal swamp mangrove forests	317	0.50
TOTAL		63,814	100.00

S.No	Catchments	Plain area (sq. km)	%	Hill area (sq. km)	%	Total area	%
1	a. East Godavari	1086	16.6	5462	83.4	6548	100
2	b. Shifting Cultivation	140	23.1	465	76.9	605	100
3	Mahaboobnagar	1082	55.8	858	44.2	1940	100
4	Kothagudem	3560	76.9	1078	23.2	4638	100
5	Adilabad	3164	49.9	3176	50.1	6340	100
6	Warangal	2572	43.3	3370	56.7	5942	100
7	The area where no survey was done	-	-	-	-	32640	100
TOTAL		13586	43.6	17588	56.4	58653	100