Impact of Urbanization on Land Use Changes in Agartala City, India

 

Abhijit Santra^1*, Saptarshi Mitra², Debasish Debbarma¹

¹Research Scholar, Department of Geography and Disaster Management, Tripura University, 799022

²Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Disaster Management, Tripura University, 799022

 

ABSTRACT:

Urbanization indicates the growth and development of the human civilization in terms of economy, culture and bettern infrastructure. It creates opportunities as well as challenges for better livelihood or and better lifestyle to the urban dwellers. Agartala, Capital city of the state of Tripura is located on the bank of River Haora one of the most developing urban centres of North-Eastern states, India. The urbanization process of Agartala City has been controlled and shaped by physiographic condition as well as socio-economic factors. Close proximity to the Indo-Bangla International Border on the western side checked the direction of growth of the city. Agartala has experienced rapid population growth due to migration in the 1949’s (partition of Bengal) and 1970’s Bangladesh War (Bangladesh Liberation war) which led to imbalance in man-land ratio in Agartala city. Since last few decades, the urban area of Agartala Municipal Corporation has repeatedly increased from 16 sq. km to 76 sq. km expanding towards north south direction. With passage of time the marshy land, forest cover have been converted into residential and commercial build-ups under the influence of rapid urbanization. The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Agartala city including the factors responsible for indicing the land use change. Man land ratio, population growth, Spatio-temporal change in land use etc. have been identified through the analysis of secondary data as well as Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technique

 

 

 

1.    INTRODUCTION:

Urbanization is one of the most widespread anthropogenic causes of the loss of arable land (Lopez et al., 2001), habitat destruction and decline in natural vegetation cover (Alphan, 2003; Dewan et al., 2009). Conversion of rural areas into urban areas through development is occurring at an unprecedented rate in recent human history which have a marked effect on the natural functioning of ecosystems (Antrop, 2004). Due to rapid urbanization, the land use and land cover (LULC) changes on the earth surface effects the global environment and climate change (Pauleit et al., 2005).

 

In last decades, much more attention has been paid on the changes of urban land use which has strongly affected the human activity and relations with almost half of the human lives throughout the globe (Stow and Chen, 2002; Xiao et al., 2006). Landscape change is a dynamic process that spread in different ways through space. Abrupt urbanization firstly affected firstly in the main cities but gradually it affects smaller settlements and even remote rural villages (Gajbhiye et al., 2012). Knowledge about land use and land cover change has become an important point of discussion as the Nation plans to overcome the problems of haphazard, uncontrolled development, deteriorating environmental quality, loss of prime agricultural lands, destruction of important wetlands and loss of wildlife habitat (Anderson et al, 1976). Land use and land cover change due to human activities is currently proceeding more quickly in developing countries than developed countries, and it has been projected that by the year of 2020, most of the world’s mega cities will be in developing countries (world bank, 2007). Fastest growing metropolitan cities in India have contributed negatively in the development process through different issues. Lopsided pattern of urbanization and inadequate investments have led to serious deficiencies in urban infrastructure and services like housing, transport, water supply, sanitation and social infrastructure especially in small and medium size cities (Zope, 2013). In the recent decades Remote sensing and use of GIS are used in assessing the changes in urban land use pattern of different cities of India (Mohan et al., 2011; Moghadam et al., 2013; Tali et al., 2013).

 

This paper is concerned about the land use pattern of Agartala city, one of the upgrading metro city of North Eastern States of India. The growth of any city first extends towards its fringe area and gradually invades its periphery, small village and remote rural areas. The radial development of land use pattern results into the loss of vast vegetative or agricultural land over the city.

 

Agartala, the Capital city of Tripura is one of the most developing urban centers of North-East India evolved on the bank of River Haora. Agartala has experienced rapid population growth due to migration in the 1940’s (partition of Bengal) and 1960 to 1980’s Bangladesh War; when thousands people migrated from erstwhile East Pakisthan (present Bangladesh) to Agartala (Das et al., 2011).

 

Rapid developmental activities during last decade converted the high land (tilla) and low land (lunga) to social infrastructural amenities like roads, hotels, army camp, hospitals, and residential purposes within the city. The planned residential area Ramnagar once was a marshy land. The central portion of the city is bounded by river Haora in south and Kata Khal in the north, which makes the city like saucer shaped (JNNURM report, 2006). The geo-environmental and socio-economic sustainability of Agartala City, which is essential to consider for development, planning has been given relatively little attention.

 

The present study is an attempt to understand the rapid unplanned urbanization, development pattern taken place over the city that create social as well as physical infrastructural threat like frequent flooding, water logging, exploitation of resource and mismanagement of land resource over the city. This research will focus on the land use pattern with growing population and the role of planning policies of the city.

 

2.    STUDY AREA:

The research work was carried out in the urban areas of Agartala city, located at the extreme western part of the state Tripura extending between 23º45′N to 23º55′N latitudes and 91º15′E to 91º20′E longitudes covering 76sq.km. From the physiographical point of view the city has developed in synclinal flood plain of river Haora and Kata Khal (canal). Agartala city (old Agartala) was inaugurated by the Maharaja Krishna Manikya in the year of 1748. But in the year of 1849 Maharaja Krishna Kishore Manikya shifted from old Agartala to present Agartala. Previously the River Haora was passing through the middle of the Agartala city. To control the frequent flooding of the River Haora, Maharaja Birendra Kishore Manikya shifted the river course in 1917 towards Eastern side of Rasmani Tilla (present College Tilla). The city has been developed in low lying area in between two tillas, Kunjaban tilla in the northern side and College tilla in the southern side. Administratively the city is located in the West Tripura District touching the Bangladesh border in its West side, Jirania R.D. Block in the East, Mohanpur R.D. Block in the North and Dukli R.D. Block in the South. According to the census of India 2011, the total population of the city is 400004 and the density stands at 6,451 person/sq.km. The city comprises of 49 number of wards with undulating topography locally known as Tilla Lunga topography.

 

 

Fig. 1: Location map of the study area (SRTM DEM showing physiographic setup of the City area)

3.    MATERIAL AND METHOD:

In this study, multi annual socio-economic statistical data, city map and three scenes of multi-spectral satellite images are collected for evaluating urbanization process, temporal and spatial characteristics of urban expansion from 1901 to 2013 and land use change between 1991 to 2011. The multi annual socio-economic data has been collected from different government offices like Agartala Municipal Corporation (AMC), Census of India and Urban Development office. Free source satellite data has been collected from GLCF, USGS. The Spatio-temporal land use change detection has been carried out by using satellite images like Landsat TM 1991, ETM+2001 and 2011. Based on the fieldwork, a ground truth map was prepared for locating training pixel on the image and 40 referenced data points were collected using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS).Topographic sheets of the study area, obtained from the Survey of India were used in the ground reference. The classification of the image has been done using median filter in ILWIS 3.31 for better quality of the image. The widely used supervised classification method, Maximum Likelihood (Murai, 1996), was employed to detect the land cover types and Arc GIS 9.3 software were used to create and process digital data. The built environment of the city measured by Urban Sprawl Index (U.S.I), has been calculated by the following formula:

 

U.S.I=urban expansion/population increase (Ajinkya et al., 2015)

=A2-A1 / P2-P1

Where A1 and A2 are the aerial extension of the early and later years and P1 and P2 are the population for the early and later years respectively.

 

4.    RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

4.1    Trend of Population Growth:

The growth of population of Agartala city has started at mid 20th century when India was partitioned on the event of Independence. Census data (Table 1) indicates that the population of the city was 6,831 in 1911, increased to 42,595 in 1951 (i.e. increase of 5.24 times from 1911 to 1951). The decadal growth rate was 140.74 per cent during 1941 to 1951 (Fig. 2) due to large scale of migration from neighboring country East Pakisthan later on Bangladesh when India was partitioned in 1947. Since 1971 the Agartala City became a class I town (population of over 1,00,000). Agartala land use cum structure plan 2006 reveals that the trend of population growth in Agartala between 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 has been recorded at 19.04 per cent and 20.32 per cent and 2001-2011 it has been recorded as 109.65 per cent respectively whereas the average population growth rate of the state as a whole is 14.74 per cent (as per census 2011). The reason for high population growth taken place over the city after 2001 is due to migration of rural people to Agartala in consequence of urban development activities in AMC area like transportation, infrastructural developments, construction of houses, as well as employment generation, business centres, roads, school, college, hospitals and transportation activities. Due to rural urban migration over the city increases urban population. Trend and spatial distribution of Agartala city reveals that in the year 1951 the population of the city was 42,595 but after sixty years the population reached 4,00,004 in 2011 (i.e. increase of 6.29 times from 1951 to 2011).

 

 

Fig. 2. Demographic growth trend of Agartala city during 1911-2011

 

Table 1: Demographic projection of the Agartala city (1911-2011)

Census Year	AMC Population	Decadal Growth	Decadal Growth Rate (in percent)
1911	6,831	-	-
1921	7,743	912	13.35
1931	9,580	1,837	23.72
1941	17,693	8,113	86.68
1951	42,595	24,902	140.74
1961	54,878	12,283	28.84
1971	1,02,264	47,386	86.35
1981	1,32,186	29,922	29.26
1991	1,57,358	25,172	19.04
2001	1,89,998	32,640	20.74
2011	400004	2,10,006	109.65

Source: Census of India

 

4.2 Spatial Growth Pattern of the Agartala City:

The Agartala Municipality was instituted in the year 1871 during the reign of Maharaja Birchandra Manikya (1862-96) with an area of 7.7 sq.km. Municipal Administration in Agartala was established in the year of 1887. The development of the city was initiated by Maharaja Bir Bikram Manikya Bahadur during 1940’s keeping in view future urban population growth. In 1901, the total area of the municipality was only 7.7 sq.km with 6 number of wards; in 1978 the total area increased to 10.94 sq.km. and for election purpose the Municipality was divided into 10 wards. After that in 1983 the Municipality further extended to 15.810 sq.km with 13 number of wards. In 1995 the municipality further extended to 16.012 sq km with 17 number of wards. In 2004 the total area of the city further extended to 62.60 sq.km with 35 number of wards including areas of Lichu Bagan, Barjala, Chandmari, Chandrapur, Nanadannagar, Jogendranagar like 26 number of villages. As per the guideline, Tripura government has proposed a project work City Development Plan (CDP) in 2006 for the Agartala city under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission with an objective to the improvement of the physical and socio-economic infrastructure for the rapidly increasing urban population. Agartala Municipal Council transformed into Agartala Municipal Corporation in the year of 2013. At present the total area of the city is 76.504 sq.km (Fig.3.A) with total 49 number of wards. The maximum expansion of the city has taken place in North West and Southward direction. The present study Agartala city has the geo-political and communication barrier for the expansion of the city boundary in every side. Star diagram (Fig.3.B) represents that the City area expanded maximum towards North Western side 7.41 km (i.e. increased 10.01 times from 1901 to 2013) due to presence of Agartala Airport and Southern side 4.52 km (i.e. increased 2.44 times from 1901 to 2013) due to presence of NH 44. The Eastern side of the city has expanded 4.3 km (Fig. 3.C) but the city could not expand twards western side after 1981 because of Indo Bangla International Border. Expansion of the city restricted in the northern side because of the cantonment area and undulating topography. National Highway, the lifeline of the city passes through the heart of the city, Agartala Airport is located in the NW side of the city and Agartala Rail Station is located in the south eastern side. These three transportation nodes plays a significant role for the growth of the city area. All the major modes of transportation system play a vital role in expansion of the city towards NW and Southward direction. According to City Development Plan, proposed Greater Agartala Planning Area (GAPA) is to cover with an area of 92 sq.km, expanding towards North (Narsingarh) and South (Madhuban, Madhupur village) and South Eastern side (Dukli, Anandanagar village). Urban sprawl index of the city has been shown in table 2. The calculated data set represents the rapid urban expansion taken place during last decade, the adjoining rural (sub urban) areas have rapidly converted to built up areas.

 

Table 2: Urban Sprawl Index (1901-1981 to 2001-2011)

Year	Urban Expansion (Ha)	Population Growth	Urban Sprawl Index
1901-1981	324	126186	0.0026
1981-2001	507	57812	0.0088
2001-2011	4659	210006	0.0222

 

Fig. 3. Chronological expansion of the city 1901-2013 (A), Star diagram represent linear growth of the city towards eight direction (B), Data set of linear growth in km from 1901 to 2013 (C).

 

4.3    Urbanization Process:

The urbanization process of Agartala city is related with the socio economic factors such as population and local developmental policies. The population growth and economic upgradation are the main driving forces for the expansion of the city which causes landscape change. So far their influence is examined by analyzing the driving socio-economic factors like growth of population, Gross Domestic Production (GDP), per capita income and infrastructural investment. Trend of population growth has a direct impact on urbanization. Other factors like gross domestic production and per capita income have been shown in the figure 4A. The GDP of the state has been increasing continuously. City Development Project under JNNURM in 2004, Railway connectivity with City, infrastructural and commercial activities were the sources of income for the general people, which have direct impact for the growth of per capita income. Industrial products have also increased as industrial growth centre grew up in Bodhjang Nagar industrial belt area which is near about 10 km away from city centre and also two other small industrial estates Arundhuti Nagar and Badharghat in Agartala City. Infrastructural investment has increased significantly after 2004 because of city development plan project of Agartala City under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). Total investment for the infrastructural development like water supply, sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management, traffic and transportation (road improvement, intersection improvement, flyovers, parking, terminals) and street light, parks, play ground, slum area development and housing purpose was 21.29 crore in 2006-07, but in 2010-11 it increased to 83.49 crore. Funding pattern of Agartala city allocated in different years is given in figure 4.A. significant economic growth of Agartala city would take place provided the cross-border trade with Bangladesh and Myanmar opens up.

 

4.4 Land utilization and changing land use pattern of the city:

The functional efficiency of a city and quality of urban life is fully interdependent on proper infrastructural activity, interrelationship between work centres and residential areas. As the city is located on the low-lying areas of river Haora and Kata khal which is high rain prone area cause water logging during monsoon, so proper sewerage is a vital component of planning and have an intense bearing on the land use and network plan of the area.

 

 

Fig. 4. Gross Domestic Production and Per Capita Income (A) Infrastructural Investment (B).

 

 

Table 3: Land use pattern of Agartala City 1991-2011

Land use	1991		2001		2011		Difference between 1991-2011
	Area (Hectare)	percent of Total Area	Area (Hectare)	percent of Total Area	Area (Hectare)	percent of Total Area
Residential	588.05	37.22	2277.55	24.75	2915	31.68	-5.54
Commercial	31.25	1.98	50.75	0.55	288	3.13	1.15
Industrial	8.35	0.53	50.35	0.56	308	3.35	2.82
Public Utilities	4.5	0.28	18.5	0.2	62	0.67	0.39
Institutional	105.25	6.66	175.25	1.9	525	5.71	-0.95
Govt. Function	22.5	1.42	70.5	0.76	179	1.95	0.53
Organised open space	8.55	0.54	24.55	0.26	750	8.15	7.61
Vacant land	73	4.62	2205.75	23.97	760	8.26	3.64
Defence	34.5	2.18	79.5	0.86	-	-	-
Transport and Communication	97.64	6.18	455.4	4.95	850	9.24	3.06
Agriculture	118.7	7.52	2257.75	24.54	1204	13.09	5.57
Others	487.66	30.9	1532.15	16.7	1359	14.07	-16.83
Total	1580	100	9200	100	9200	100

Source: Area generated by Author

Table 4: Land use change of AMC from 1991-2011

	1991		2001		2011		Relative Change
Types of Land	Area in Hectare	% of Area	Area in Hectare	% of Area	Area in Hectare	% of Area	Hectare	%
Built-up	1170.42	15.4	1856.54	24.43	3515.6	46.27	2345.18	200.4
Water body	474.33	6.24	328.08	4.32	236	3.11	-238.33	-50.2
Agriculture	2172.85	28.59	1831.05	24.09	1591.59	20.94	-581.26	-26.8
Vegetative	3513.13	46.23	3069.87	40.39	1569.78	20.64	-1943.35	-55.3
Open Space	269.77	3.54	514.51	6.77	687.08	9.04	417.31	154.7
Total	7600.5	100	7600.05	100	7600.05	100

 

It is observed that percentage of residential land use is higher than any other category of the land use. In 1991 the residential land utilization was 37.22 percent (588.05 hectare) but in 2001 it decreased to 24.75 percent (2277.55 hectare) due to the increase of total area of AMC. In 2011 the residential land utilization increased to in 2915 hectare (31.68 percent). Utilization of land for industrial and commercial purposes is much less within the city as there is no heavy industrial sector within the city. At present the commercial area is not in an organized manner which has led to traffic congestion in various parts of the city. The major market areas are limited within the center of the city i.e. Sasti Market, Hawkers market, Battala market, Ujjayanta market, Orient Chowmuhani, Post Office Chawmuhani, Lake Chowmuhani. Agartala is famous for handicraft products, but some of the industries, i.e. food processing unit, small plastic factory and small scale industries have developed along the bypass road within the city. An area of approx. 925 hectare has been suggested to be marked for industrial purpose in the future (Agartala land use cum structure plan, 2006). Open space or vacant lands mostly comprising the lungas are located in a small area of the city. Transport and communication is one of the guiding factors for development of the city. Utilization of land for purpose in 2001 was 455.4 hectare but after 2011 it he area consumed for this purpose is 850 hectare (9.24 percent) of the total area. Utilization of land for agriculture has also been identified in the areas like Chadinamura, Borjala, Lichubagan, Khayarpur. The fertile lunga lands are suitable for the paddy cultivation. In 2001 land for agriculture purpose were 2257.75 hectare (24.54 percent) but in 2011 land for the said purpose has been 1204 hectare (13.09 percent).

 

The greatest extent of land use change in Agartala city during the 2001 to 2011 occurred in the migrants of the city and its suburban areas. Table 5 show the area of land under each major five land use categories for 1991 to 2011 as well as the magnitude and rate of two changes between two decades. From the table it is clear that the evidence of conversion of agriculture land, vegetative cover land, water body to built up land. During the time of 1991 and 2011, the amount of built-up land converted 2345.18 hectares areas, an relative change of 200.4%. Vegetative cover sustained the large amount of decreases land 1943.35 hectare during this two decades, with an negative relative change 55.3 percent. The decline rate of agriculture land 29.06 hectare per year. Water body and vegetative cover land was mainly converted in built up land (Fig. 6).

 

Fig. 5. Conversion of marshy land to thick settled land (A) is SOI toposheet 1932 and B is the present land use

 

Fig. 6. Land use and land cover map of Agartala in (A) 1991, (B) 2001 and (C) 2011

 

4.5 Development and Planning Strategies of Agartala City:

The physical structure (Tilla Lunga) of the city has been modifying rapidly through construction of settlement, metal road and other infrastructural amenities. The major areas of weaknesses are high urban growth, inadequate infrastructure, improper conservation, environmental degradation, slums and institutional incapacity. The development and planning strategies were started at the time of Maharaja Bir Bikram Manikya by making straight and enlargement of the “Rajpath”, development of planned settlement area of Ramnagar, Krishnanagar, construction of college and expansion of the city. But the full-fledged developmental policy has been started in 2004 through city development plan. Now the administration has taken new venture for developmental activity in every wing like transportation, road construction, sewerage, tele communication and other fields of infrastructure.

·         The poor and inadequate infrastructure areas of the city have been identified i.e. road encroachment, poor traffic management and inadequate public transport system, poor drainage system, discrepancy of solid waste management, electricity supply and irregular water supply etc.

·         Uncontrolled growth of population due to migration from rural to urban area and immigration from Bangladesh makes chaotic development and infrastructural growth of the city.

·         Poor industrial infrastructure can not attract industrialist as a result of which the scope of economic development and employment opportunity becomes limited.

·         Slums population has been growing up on the bank of river Haora and Kata khal which is the dark side of urbanization.

·         Unequal distribution of social infrastructure and land allocation create an unhealthy land use pattern of the city.

 

4.6  CONCLUSION:

Rapid growth of aerial expansion creates marked impact of land use pattern over the city. The impact of present work is concern about explosive population growth and the development trend that transformed agriculture land, vegetative cover land, marshy land to built up areas. The massive change of land use pattern has been done within last decades.

·         Marshy land has been transformed into built up land within the city in last decades. For example the SOI Topographical sheet identifies that Ramanagar was a marshy land but now it is converted into high settlement area. Vegetative covered Tilla land area also has been converted into built up area i.e. New Secretairiate office, ILS hospital, GB tilla, Gorkha Basti office tilla, College tilla, Kunjaban, 79 Tilla etc.

·         The city has experienced slow growth from 1901 to 1981 increasing only 7.94 sq. km, from 1981 to 2001 the area of increase was 5.08 km², the aerial growth has rapidly increased from 2001 to 2013 to 60.484 sq. km².

·         The population of the Agartala city has increased from 132186 (1981) to 400004 (2011) with its annual growth rate 10.06 percent.

·         The expansion of the city has taken place north south direction because the areas are plain land having well connected transport network facility. The city has got checked in east and west direction due to Indo Bangla International border in western side and extension part of Baramura hill in eastern side.

 

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Received on 24.11.2017          Modified on 02.02.2018

Accepted on 21.04.2018      ©AandV Publications All right reserved