Delineation of crop combination region and changing pattern of cropping intensity: A Geographical Analysis in Ghatal sub-division, Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal
1Research scholar, Department of Geography and Environment Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore- 721102, WB, India
2Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Environment Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, WB, India
ABSTRACT:
Agriculture plays a foremost role in the Indian economy from the historic time. After the green revolution, production of agriculture has gradually increase due to the enhancement of modern agricultural technology such as use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizer, different types of modern agricultural instruments etc. Demarcation of the agricultural region, spatial relation of crops in association with others crop is better establishedby the crop combination technique. Therefore, the present study has been attempted to identify region of crop combination, cropping pattern and cropping intensity analysis of five different Community Development (C.D.) Block in Ghatal Sub-division under Paschim Medinipur district. The study also tries to find out the significant determinants and constrain of agriculture production and delineation of an agricultural region in this area. Different secondary data has been used in the present study. Weaver's (1954) Least Square method has been adopted to delineation of crop combination region. Finally, six crop combination (i.e. Potato, Vegetable, Jute, Spices, Chilli and Dhanicha) regions were found in this study area. Thereafter, the result of crop combination was spatial mapping for demarcation of crop combination region with the help of GIS environment usingArcGIS andERDAS Software. The analysis shows that the cropping intensity is gradually decreasing from the year 2003-04 to 2010-11. The result concludes that Ghatal block holds the best crops combination comparatively than other blocks.
KEYWORDS: Crop combination; cropping intensity; principal crops; Weaver’s method, GIS techniques, Ghatal sub-division.
INTRODUCTION:
Crop combination means the diversity of the crop in a region or it is a method of analysis of cropping pattern in a region. Crop combination region is a significant determinant in present day situation of agriculture geography which fulfils numerous ways such as cropping pattern, crop concentration, and crops rankings of a given area1. Thus, crop combination, concentration, and diversification of crops2 helps us to better knowing the agricultural regionalization3. Moreover, economic development, food security and employment generation4 evenly Gross domestic product (GDP)5 of the country is depended on the development of agriculture. Therefore, analysis of crop combination region is very much essential. Crop combination and cropping intensity are closely related to each other6 even crop combination is very essential for analysis theintensity of crops. On the other hand, cropping intensity refers to the concentration of crops in a region. The concentration of crops is high in a region, it denotes that this particular region must be the high intensity of crops while the concentration is low means the intensity is low. Chakraborty (2017) are shows in his work crops combination is controlled by physical such as soil health2and irrigation facilities and climate and socio-economic condition7. Kavitha (2017) useGIS technique for mapping of cropping pattern in a particular area8. Cropping pattern are related to spatial arrangement of crops. According to Sing (1974) cropping intensity refers to rise of the number of crops from the same agricultural field during one calendar year9.The geographical investigation of agriculture which purports to select various crops or agricultural element to be studied collectively in an area may be termed as combination analysis10. The method was first developed by Weaver (1954)for delimiting agricultural regions on the basis of the multi cropping pattern11. He applies the method to establish the crop combination of the middle west part of USA. Weaver compares the proportion of an observed distribution with a series of hypothetical distributions. This distribution among 1 crop combination (i.e. 100% of the total cropped area) 2 crop combination (i.e. 50% of the total cropped area) 3 crop combination (i.e. 33.3% of the total cropped area) 4 crop combination (i.e. 25% of the total cropped area) 5 crop combination (i.e. 20% of the total cropped area) 6 crop combination (i.e. 16.67% of the total cropped area). It goes on for n number of crops, for each sub area the percentage of land occupied by each crop is determined and the crops rank from highest to lowest. The study on crop combination and cropping intensity is a part of agricultural geography. Crop combination and cropping intensity can help for agricultural planning in future in a region. Hence, this work has been attempted to study crop combination region, and temporal change of cropping intensity in Ghatal subdivision, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA
The study area, Ghatal subdivision is one of the agricultural prone zones of Paschim Medinipur district which is located in eastern part of Paschim Medinipur district under the Indian state of West Bengal. Geographically, this study area Ghatal subdivision is bounded by 22° 40' N latitude to 22° 67' N latitudes and 87° 34' E to 87° 72' E longitudeFig. (1) Ghatal subdivision consists of 5 municipalities (i.e., Ghatal, Ramjibonpur, Chandrakona, Khirpai, and Kharar) and 5 community development blocks (C.D. block) (i.e. Ghatal, Chandrakona - I, Chandrakona - II, Daspur - I, Daspur – II). The 5 blocks contain 48- gram panchayat. The total geographical area of Ghatal subdivision is 953.09 sq km and the total population is 1047679 and a population density is 1099 per sq.km as per census 2011. About 78% of the total geographical area is cultivated land and nearly 48% of the net shown area is irrigated. Land use and land cover map are representing most of the land in this area are used in agricultural purpose Fig. (2). The basic climatic characteristic of this region is hot and humidenviornment. A short cold weather and moderate rainfall are found where the average temperature is 27° C in December and rises to 30° C in February, 35° C in March and 35°C- 40°C in April and May. Most of the rainfall is received by south-west monsoon during monsoon season. In March and April, the rainfall is 5 cm per month. In May there is a rapid increase of rainfall owing to the occasional incursion of the cyclonic storm and the rainfall consequently rises to over 12-13 cm. Most parts of this region are covered by an alluvial dash and sandy lome. The main river of the study area is Silai or Silaboti (a tributary of Rupnarayan) and Rupnarayan Rivers passes through the southeastern part of Ghatal block. This region is mainly flood-prone area confluence by Silaboti and Rupnarayan River. The positive and negative effect of floods is found in this region. The negative effect of the flood is more effective than positive impact. Losses of agricultural production due to waterlogging condition12 in one side during the flood are a negative effect. But on the other side, the production of agriculture is increasing in next season due to the accumulation of fertile alluvial dash and sandy lome soil on the agricultural land which is very suitable for crop cultivation and production. So, this kind of fertile soil deposited on agricultural land after flood event may increase the agriculture production potentiality in this subdivision.
Fig. 1: Location map of the Study area extending from 22° 40' N latitude to 22° 67' N latitudes and 87° 34' E to 87° 72' E longitude
Fig. 2: land use and land cover map
OBJECTIVE:
The major objectives of the study are as follows:
· To find out the crop combination region in Ghatal subdivision.
· To prepare the ranking of crops in this study area
· To quantify the Spatio-temporal change of cropping intensity in Ghatal sub-division in three different time periods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Materials:
The present study is based on secondary data as well as primary data. Primary data are collected from household survey through the schedule questionnaire. The data for three periods i.e. 2003-04; 2007-08 and 2010-11 is considered for the analysis cropping intensity and data of 2010-11 is considered for the analysis of crop combination of five different C.D. blocks in Ghatal sub-division of Paschim Medinipur district. The published different secondary data have been collected from the following offices: 1) District Agriculture Office, 2) Department of Irrigation, 3) District Census Handbook, part-a 2011, Paschim Medinipur District, 4) District Census Handbook Part-b 2011, 5) District Statistical handbook, 2010, Paschim Medinipur district, and 6) Annual Plan (Paschim Medinipur district, 2003-04, 2007-08, 2011-2012). (See table 1). Location map of the study area and others important maps which are related to this work are has been prepared by using ArcGis 10.1 and ERDAS 9.1 software.
Table 1: Different data and its source
SL. No |
Uses Data/ Software |
Source of Data |
1 |
Different types of crop data |
District Agricultural Office, Paschim Medinipur and Field Survey |
2 |
Census data |
District Census Office, Paschim Medinipur district,201113, 14 |
3 |
Climatic data |
Department of irrigation, S.D.O, Ghatal |
4 |
Land use data |
Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Paschim Medinipur |
5 |
Essential Books |
Central library, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, W. B |
6 |
Different Software |
ArcGIS-10.1, ERDAS 9.1 |
7 |
Spatial data |
LANDSAT-7 from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov15 |
Methods and Techniques:
Collected primary and secondary data are tabulated and analysed by the help of different statistical tools. Weaver “Least square method” or “minimum deviation method” have been used by numerous researcher16,17,18,19,20,6,7,21,22,2,23 for delineating crop combination region. Moreover, Raffiullah (1956) “Maximum positive deviation method” which are a most popular method to delineation crop combination region. However, In the present study, only Weaver (1954) method has been used for delineating the crop combination region in the entering study area. Besides that, cropping intensity method has been used to calculate the Spatio-temporal change of cropping intensity in this area.
Weaver (1954) least square method of crop combination analysis:
Weaver (1954) least square method of crop combination is the most useful method of crop combination among the various method of identification of crop combination region is least square method or minimum deviation the standard deviation method.
SD =
Where, SD is standard deviation; d is Difference between hypothetical crop percentage and the observed percentage and n is the number of crops.
Minimum deviation the standard deviation method where Weaver square root is not considered or square root is ignoring. So, the actual formula use as follows
…………………………….. Equation (1)
At first, the percentage of each single crop area to the total cropped area of each blocks have been calculated. After the calculation the value of each crop has arranged in descending order then deviation is calculated by using existing method by Weaver’s. Then identify the suitable combination of crops in the study area.
Cropping Intensity (CI) analysis:
Agricultural production and productivity can be increased in two ways by expanding the cropped area and by increasing the intensity of cropping24. Cropping intensity means to rise of the number of crops from the same agricultural field during one calendar year9.Cropping Intensity (CI) can be defined as a ratio between gross cropped area and net sown area and multiplying the result by 100.
CI = … Equation (2)
Where, GCA is the total area of cultivation x number of cultivation and NSA is cropped area in the year under consideration.
GPS survey for Location tract:
Global Positioning System (GPS) survey has also been done for showing the location of cold storage around this study area. Thereafter, the location of cold storage (point data) is plotting in map with the help of ArcGIS 10.1 software. Total methodology of this study is elaborated through methodological flow chart in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Methodological Flow chart of the study
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Result:
The present study applied by Weaver’s (1954) method gives 6-crop combination region in Ghatal Sub-division of Paschim Medinipur district during 2009-2010. For ranking percentage of each crop will be placed in descending order in (See table 2). The data are analysed using Weaver's (1954) method for the delineation of crop combination region in Ghatal Sub-division.
Table 2: Percentage (%) of cropping area in descending order
Block Name |
Percentage (%) of cropping area in descending order |
||||||||||||
Crop |
% |
Crop |
% |
Crop |
% |
Crop |
% |
Crop |
% |
Crop |
% |
|
|
Ghatal |
Potato |
47.19 |
Vegetable |
22.34 |
Jute |
10.7 |
Spices |
10.15 |
Chilli |
5.64 |
Dhanicha |
3.98 |
|
Chandrakona-I |
Potato |
81.57 |
Vegetable |
8.74 |
Spices |
5.6 |
Jute |
2.33 |
Chilli |
1.64 |
Dhanicha |
0.12 |
|
Chandrakona-II |
Potato |
91.1 |
Vegetable |
3.54 |
Spices |
2.36 |
Jute |
1.93 |
Chilli |
1.02 |
Dhanicha |
0.05 |
|
Das Pur-I |
Vegetable |
56.35 |
Potato |
33.58 |
Spices |
6.51 |
Chilli |
2.52 |
Jute |
0.84 |
Dhanicha |
0.21 |
|
Das Pur-II |
Vegetable |
49.82 |
Potato |
25.36 |
Jute |
9.06 |
Spices |
9.06 |
Chilli |
6.52 |
Dhanicha |
0.18 |
|
Source: Bureau of applied economics and statistics (Annual Plan, 2011-12)
DISCUSSION:
The productions of agriculture are mainly influenced by some factors throughout the worldi. e climate, irrigation, market facility, fertilizer, pesticide, soil nutrients, and farm mechanism etc23. Agriculture regions may be termed as an area which depicts homogeneity with respect to the agricultural land use and cropping pattern. Paschim Medinipur is well known for his agricultural background as well as the economic background. This region is also known as "vegetable belt" of Paschim Medinipur district. This particular district is mainly based on the agriculture sector. In present-day context, Ghatal Sub-division is the most diversified region in terms of crop farming, where various crop is grown in different season in the same calendar year. Demarcation the boundary of agricultural region and a spatial relation of crops in association with others crop is better establishment through the crop combination technique.
Crop combination region:
Crop combination is an integral part of agricultural geography and it has a very important role in the demarcation of an agricultural region24. In the study area, six crops were used on the basis of percentage of area and production of crops for the analysis of crop combination region. Study of crop combination is very helpful in different ways, firstly it provides an adequate information about the individual crop, and secondly, the combination is in itself an integrative reality that demands definition and distribution analysis. Finally, crop combination regions are essential for the construction of more complex structure of vivid agriculture region (Weaver, 1954). One or mono-crop, two crop or double crop, five crops, and six crop regions found in Ghatal Sub-division where three and four crop combination regions is absent. (See table 3 and fig.4).
Table 3: Crop combination region of Ghatal sub-division
Crop combination region |
Name of the crop |
Block name |
Mono crop or one crop |
Potato |
Chandrakona-I, Chandrakona-II (CK-II) |
Two crop combinations |
Vegetable, Potato |
Daspur-I |
Three crop combinations |
------ |
-------- |
Four crop combinations |
------ |
-------- |
Five crop combinations |
Vegetable, Potato, Jute, Spices, Chilli, Dhanicha |
Daspur-II |
Six crop combinations |
Potato, Vegetable, Jute, Spices, Chilli, Dhanicha |
Ghatal |
Source: Computed by Author
One crop/Mono-crop Region:
One crop region means, it is dominant in a region on the basis of percentage of area sharing under cultivation. The application of Weaver’s crop combination method in the 2010-11 gives Mono or one crop dominant region in Chandrakona-I and Chandrakona–II blocks in Ghatal Sub-division. Potato is dominant crop in these two blocks, i.e., 7000 hectares (about 85%) in Chandrakona-I and 8500 hectares (about 91%) in Chandrakona block-II. Suitable irrigation facilities, the alluvial fertile soil of river bank, and HYV seeds are major factors for growing potato in this area and also fifteen number of cold storage (See table 4 and fig. 5) with its huge storage capacity provide suitable facilities for potato and others vegetable preserve for a long time. Locations of cold storage also influence the cultivator for Potato farming.
Two crop region / Double crop:
In Ghatal Sub-division where two crop regions are found in Daspur-I block. Daspur block is mainly "Vegetable belt "of Ghatal Sub-division. Vegetables and Potato are leading crop in this region on the basis of the amount of production and also areal coverage under cultivation during this period. It is easy to understand vegetable is prime crop which shares above 50% area and potato share above 30% area of total cropped land. Highly fertile alluvial soil and high market demand are the key features for vegetable grown in Daspur block and its surrounding area (i.e. Midnapore, Keshpur, Panskura, Debra etc)
Five crop regions:
The results show that three and four crops region are absent in Ghatal Sub-division in the reference year 2009-10. Only five crop combination regions are found in this reference year in one block i.e. Daspur-II. Hence, Vegetable, Potato, Jute, Spices, and, Chilli, have come in this combination. The vegetable is dominant crop and potato is the second dominant crop according to the cropped area under cultivation. Fertile soil and well-connected market facilities are present in this block which is playing a very important role in growing vegetable and others crops.
Fig. 4 Crop Combination Region in Ghatal sub-division
Fig. 5 Cold storage location around this area
Six crop regions:
Ghatal block, under Ghatal Sub-division, is only one block where the potato is grown with the combination of other five crops i.e. Vegetable, Jute, Spices, Chilli and Dhanicha during 2009-10. Potato is prime crop which shares 47% area and followed by vegetable 22%, jute 11%, spices 10%, chilli 6% and Dhanicha 4%. In this situation, it may conclude that in Ghatal Sub-division only Ghatal block (out of five C.D. blocks) is the best crop combination region.
Ranking of the crops:
Ranking of the crops play is an important role to analyse the crop combination. Crop ranking or cropping pattern means proportion of area under various crops cultivation at a point of time25. Crop ranking is not only a static concept but also dynamic because it is continuously changing over space and time due to change of favourable condition of crop growing factors. It depends basically on soil and climatic factors. In Ghatal Sub-division, Potato, Vegetable Jute, Spices, Chilli and Dhanicha are the main crop during 2009-2010. These six crops occupy maximum percentage (%) of the total cropped area and also the other crops are grown in combination with a major crop, such as Paddy, Wheat, Oil seed, Groundnut, etc. Potato is the leading crop in this study area on the basis of most areal coverage. Potato occupies about 65% during 2009-2010 of total gross cropped area. Vegetable is the second most important crop of this region where Jute is identified third ranking crop in this period. Spices denote fourth ranking crop where Chilli and Dhanicha are respectively fifth and finally ranking of crop in this area under study.
Table 5 gives the ranking of crops in the different block in the Ghatal Sub-division of Paschim Medinipur district. It shows that the sharing percentage of various crops, such as potato (65.5%) and vegetables (20.9%) which share more than 85% area of the total cropped area while, remaining 15% share other crops i.e., Spices, Jute, Chilli, and Dhonicha. The main livelihood crops in the Ghatal Sub-division are Potato and Vegetables as well as the main source of income of most of the rural people (about 75%) in this region. Fig. 6(a and b).
Fig. 6 (a): Ranking of crops of different block in Ghatal
Fig. 6 (b): Ranking of crops of different block in Ghatal Sub- Sub-division (2009-10) division (2009-10)
Cropping intensity:
In results (See table 6, 7 and 8) shows that the trend analysis of cropping intensity of five different Community Development Block (C.D. Block) in Ghatal Sub-division, where three different periods (2003-04,2007-08,2010-11) are considered for analysis cropping intensity. Cropping intensity of Ghatal Sub-division in the year 2003-04, 2007-08, 2010-11 are 275%, 182%, and 178% respectively. In Ghatal block, cropping intensity has gradually decreased from 201% in 2003-04 to 158% in 2010-11 followed by Chandrakona-I from 238% in 2003-04 to 183% in 2010-11 and Chandrakona-II from 268% in 2003-04 to 142% in 2010-11. In these three blocks cropping intensity are gradually decrease due to a violent effect of the flood (Table 9 and fig.7).
Table 6: Cropping intensity in Ghatal Sub-division, 2003-04
Name of the block |
Gross cropped area(hectors) |
Net cultivated area(hectors) |
Cropping intensity (%) (2003-04) |
Ghatal |
34170 |
16933 |
201 |
Chandrakona-I |
40591 |
17035 |
238 |
Chandrakona-II |
33932 |
13106 |
258.9 |
Das Pur-I |
35562 |
13233 |
268.7 |
Das Pur-II |
26910 |
13033 |
206.4 |
Source: Annual Plan 2003-04, Paschim Medinipur26
Table 7: Cropping intensity in Ghatal Sub-division, 2007-08
Name of the block |
Gross cropped area (hectors) |
Net cultivated area (hectors) |
Cropping intensity (%) (2007-08) |
Ghatal |
30240 |
17900 |
169 |
Chandrakona-I |
40901 |
17000 |
241 |
Chandrakona-II |
25775 |
13100 |
197 |
Daspur-I |
22442 |
13200 |
170 |
Daspur-II |
15461 |
13000 |
119 |
Source: Annual Plan 2007-08, Paschim Medinipur27
Table 8: Cropping intensity in Ghatal Sub-division, 2010-11
Name of the block |
Gross cropped area (hectors) |
Net cultivated area (hectors) |
Cropping intensity (%) (2010-11) |
Ghatal |
24959 |
15764 |
158 |
Chandrakona-I |
29221 |
15961 |
183 |
Chandrakona-II |
17925 |
12659 |
142 |
Das Pur-I |
24995 |
12418 |
201 |
Das Pur-II |
26792 |
12985 |
206 |
Source: Annual Plan 2010-11, Paschim Medinipur28
Most of the area under cultivation in Ghatal subdivision are affected by the violent flood. In the Ghatal Sub-division where the cropping intensity is very high (275%) in the period 2003-04. And then the intensity of crops is gradually decrease. In West Bengal cropping intensity is 181.3 % in 2010-11 which followed by Ghatal Sub-division where cropping intensity is 178% in the same calendar year. Ghatal block is mainly flood prone area with simultaneous effect of three main rivers, Silaboti (Silai) and Rupnarayan and Jhumi River (a distributaries’ of Dwarkeswar River). This is the main obstacle in this area for growing crops. These violent effects of the flood are gradually increased from 2001 to 2011 and its effects fall on the agricultural land because most of the agricultural land is situated in the low-lying area where water logging condition about 3 months. Therefore, numbers of crops cultivation are decreased in one calendar year. So, gross cropped area (GCA), as well as cropping intensity, also decreases (See table 10 and fig.8).
Table 9: Flood discharge of Silabati River (2001-2011)
Year |
Discharge (Cumecs) |
2001 |
950 |
2002 |
975 |
2003 |
1000 |
2004 |
990 |
2005 |
1000 |
2006 |
1050 |
2007 |
1200 |
2011 |
1100 |
Source: Irrigation department, Ghatal
Fig. 7: Flood Discharge in Different Year
Table 10: Temporal change of cropping intensity in Ghatal sub-division (hectors)
Year |
2003-04 |
2007-08 |
2010-11 |
|
|
|
|
Gross cropped area |
201447 |
134819 |
123892 |
Net soon area |
73340 |
74200 |
69787 |
Cropping intensity (%) |
275 |
182 |
178 |
Source: Calculation made on the basis of data available in annual plan of different year
Fig. 8: Temporal change of cropping intensity in Ghatal Sub-division of (2003-04, 2007-08, 2010- 11) year
In other two blocks, Daspur-I and Daspur-II where cropping intensity is remaining same in this period. The cropping intensity has direct correlation with suitable irrigation facilities, fertile land, high yielding variety (HYV) seeds as well as uses of fertilizer, pesticide, and well-connected market facilities which play an important role to help of increasing magnitude of cropping intensity.
CONCLUSION:
Finally, the analysis of crop combination on the basis of Weaver’s method in the present study, six crop regions were found in the Ghatal block and one crop region found in Chandrakona-I and II block, and others two blocks (i.e. Daspur-I and II) where two and five crops regions are dominant respectively. Potato is one of the dominant crops among various crops in Ghatal sub-division. Vegetable is second dominant crop which is very important and life support crops most of the people in this region. This study also shows the cropping pattern or ranking of the crop in this area. Ranking of the crops is also helpful for the better analysis of crop combination. So, the intensity of crops of Ghatal sub-division has to be better position rather than other sub-division (i.e. Midnapore Sadar, Kharagpur, and Jhargram sub-division) of Paschim Medinipur district. Some environmental problem has limited the production of agriculture. It may be pointed out again that Ghatal subdivision is agriculturally developed region than others surrounding regions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
At first, we would like to thanks University Grant Commission (UGC) for financial supporting in this work. Additionally, the authors also, thankfull to central library of Vidyasagar Universityfor provide essential books. Authors are also like to thanks to theanonymous reviewers of A and V publication for their constructivesuggestion. Finally,authors are also grateful to Mr. GourDolui (Researcher) for his helpful suggestion in this entire work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors have declared thatthere is no conflict of interest about the publication of this research work.
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Supplementary data
Table: Calculation for crop combination of Ghatal Block using by Weaver’s method
One crop |
Two crops |
Three crops |
Four crops |
|||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
100 |
50 |
50 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
Observed % |
47.2 |
47.2 |
22.3 |
47.2 |
22.3 |
10.7 |
47.2 |
22.3 |
10.7 |
10.2 |
Difference (d=x-) |
52.8 |
2.81 |
27.7 |
-13.9 |
11 |
22.6 |
-22 |
2.66 |
14.3 |
14.9 |
d2 |
2789 |
7.9 |
765 |
192 |
121 |
512 |
492 |
7.07 |
205 |
221 |
∑d2 |
2789 |
772.97 |
824.99 |
924.47 |
||||||
∑ d2∕n |
2789 |
386.48 |
274.99 |
231.11 |
Continue
Five crops |
Six crops |
||||||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
Observed % |
47.2 |
22.3 |
10.7 |
10.2 |
5.6 |
47.2 |
22.3 |
10.7 |
10.15 |
5.6 |
3.98 |
Difference (d=x-) |
-27 |
-2.34 |
9.3 |
9.85 |
14 |
-30.5 |
-5.67 |
5.97 |
6.52 |
11.03 |
12.69 |
d2 |
739 |
5.47 |
86.5 |
97 |
206 |
931.5 |
32.14 |
35.64 |
42.51 |
121.7 |
161 |
∑d2 |
1134.48 |
1324.46 |
|||||||||
∑ d2∕n |
226.89 |
220.74 |
Table: Calculation for crop combination of Chandrakona-I using by Weaver’s method
one crop |
Two crops |
Three crops |
Four crops |
|||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
100 |
50 |
50 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
Observed %() |
81.6 |
82 |
8.7 |
81.6 |
8.74 |
5.6 |
81.6 |
8.74 |
5.6 |
2.33 |
Difference (d=x-) |
18.4 |
-32 |
41 |
-48 |
24.6 |
27.7 |
-57 |
16.3 |
19.4 |
22.7 |
d2 |
340 |
997 |
1702 |
2327 |
605 |
769 |
3200 |
264 |
376 |
514 |
∑d2 |
340 |
2629.06 |
3700.69 |
4354.85 |
||||||
∑ d2∕n |
340 |
1349.5 |
1233.56 |
1088.71 |
Continue
Five crops |
Six crops |
||||||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
Observed %() |
81.6 |
8.74 |
5.6 |
2.33 |
1.64 |
81.57 |
8.74 |
5.6 |
2.33 |
1.64 |
0.12 |
Difference (d=x-) |
-62 |
11.3 |
14.4 |
17.7 |
18.4 |
-64.9 |
7.93 |
11.07 |
14.34 |
15.03 |
16.55 |
d2 |
3791 |
127 |
207.4 |
312 |
337 |
4212 |
62.89 |
122.6 |
205.6 |
225.9 |
273.9 |
∑d2 |
4774.34 |
5102.89 |
|||||||||
∑ d2∕n |
954.87 |
850.48 |
Table: Calculation for crop combination of Chandrakona-I I using by Weaver’s method
one crop |
Two crops |
Three crops |
Four crops |
|||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
100 |
50 |
50 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
Observed %() |
91.1 |
91.1 |
3.54 |
91.1 |
3.54 |
2.36 |
91.1 |
3.54 |
2.36 |
1.93 |
Difference (d=x-) |
8.9 |
-41 |
46.5 |
-58 |
29.8 |
31 |
-66 |
21.5 |
22.6 |
23.1 |
d2 |
79.2 |
1689 |
2159 |
3337 |
887 |
359 |
4369 |
461 |
513 |
532 |
∑d2 |
79.2 |
3847.74 |
5183.95 |
5874.54 |
||||||
∑ d2∕n |
79.2 |
1923.87 |
1727.98 |
1468.64 |
Continue
Five crops |
Six crops |
||||||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
Observed % () |
91.1 |
3.54 |
2.36 |
1.93 |
1.02 |
91.1 |
3.54 |
2.36 |
1.93 |
1.02 |
0.05 |
Difference (d=x-) |
-71.1 |
16.5 |
17.6 |
18.1 |
18.98 |
-74.4 |
13.13 |
14.31 |
14.74 |
15.65 |
16.62 |
d2 |
5055 |
271 |
311 |
327 |
360.2 |
5540 |
172.4 |
204.8 |
217.3 |
244.9 |
276.2 |
∑d2 |
6000.08 |
6455.42 |
|||||||||
∑ d2∕n |
1200.02 |
1075.9 |
Table: Calculation for crop combination of Daspur-I Block using by Weaver’s method
One crop |
Two crops |
Three crops |
Four crops |
|||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
100 |
50 |
50 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
Observed % |
56.4 |
56.4 |
33.6 |
56.4 |
33.6 |
6.51 |
56.4 |
33.6 |
6.51 |
2.52 |
Difference (d=x-) |
43.7 |
-6.35 |
16.4 |
-23 |
-0.3 |
26.8 |
-31 |
-8.6 |
18.5 |
22.5 |
d2 |
1905 |
40.3 |
270 |
530 |
530 |
719 |
983 |
73.6 |
342 |
505 |
∑d2 |
1905 |
309.93 |
1249.23 |
1903.67 |
||||||
∑ d2∕n |
1905 |
154.96 |
416.41 |
475.92 |
Continue
Five crops |
Six crops |
||||||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
Observed % |
56.4 |
33.6 |
6.51 |
2.52 |
0.84 |
56.35 |
33.56 |
6.51 |
2.52 |
0.84 |
0.21 |
Difference (d=x-) |
-36 |
13.6 |
13.5 |
17.5 |
19.2 |
-39.7 |
-16.9 |
10.16 |
14.15 |
15.83 |
16.46 |
d2 |
1321 |
184 |
182 |
306 |
367 |
1575 |
285.9 |
130.2 |
200.2 |
250.6 |
270.9 |
∑d2 |
2360.36 |
2685.4 |
|||||||||
∑ d2∕n |
472.07 |
447.57 |
Table: Calculation for crop combination of Daspur-II Block using by Weaver’s method
One crop |
Two crops |
Three crops |
Four crops |
|||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
100 |
50 |
50 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
Observed %( |
49.8 |
49.8 |
25.4 |
49.8 |
25.4 |
9.06 |
49.8 |
25.4 |
9.06 |
9.06 |
Difference (d=x-) |
50.2 |
0.18 |
24.6 |
-16 |
7.97 |
24.3 |
-24.8 |
-0.36 |
15.9 |
15.9 |
d2 |
2518 |
0.03 |
607 |
272 |
63.5 |
589 |
616 |
0.13 |
254 |
254 |
∑d2 |
2518 |
607.16 |
924.47 |
1124.32 |
||||||
∑ d2∕n |
2518 |
303.58 |
308.16 |
281.08 |
Continue
Five crops |
Six crops |
||||||||||
Hypothetical % (x) |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
16.67 |
Observed %( |
49.8 |
25.4 |
9.06 |
9.06 |
6.52 |
49.82 |
25.36 |
9.06 |
9.06 |
6.52 |
0.18 |
Difference (d=x-) |
-29.8 |
-5.4 |
10.9 |
10.9 |
13.5 |
-33.2 |
-8.69 |
7.61 |
7.61 |
10.15 |
16.49 |
d2 |
889 |
28.7 |
120 |
120 |
182 |
1099 |
75.51 |
57.91 |
57.91 |
103 |
271.9 |
∑d2 |
1339.02 |
1665.19 |
|||||||||
∑ d2∕n |
267.8 |
277.53 |
Received on 31.10.2018 Modified on 20.11.2018
Accepted on 08.12.2018 ©AandV Publications All right reserved
Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(1):127-136.
DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00021.4