TABLE-1 STATE/UT WISE POPULATION OF SCHEDULED TRIBES BY SEX AND RESIDENCE: CENSUS 2011

S. No.	India / State / UTs Ter	Total/Rural/Urban	Person	Male	Female
	India	Total	104545716	52547215	51998501
		Rural	94083844	47263733	46820111
		Urban	10461872	5283482	5178390
1	Jammu&Kashmir	Total	1493299	776257	717042
		Rural	1406833	730075	676758
		Urban	86466	46182	40284
2	HimachalPradesh	Total	392126	196118	196008
		Rural	374392	186896	187496
		Urban	17734	9222	8512
3	Uttarakhand	Total	291903	148669	143234
		Rural	264819	134691	130128
		Urban	27084	13978	13106
4	Rajasthan	Total	9238534	4742943	4495591
		Rural	8693123	4454816	4238307
		Urban	545411	288127	257284
5	UttarPradesh	Total	1134273	581083	553190
		Rural	1031076	526315	504761
		Urban	103197	54768	48429
6	Bihar	Total	1336573	682516	654057
		Rural	1270851	648535	622316
		Urban	65722	33981	31741
7	Sikkim	Total	206360	105261	101099
		Rural	167146	86059	81087
		Urban	39214	19202	20012
8	ArunachalPradesh	Total	951821	468390	483431
		Rural	789846	390625	399221
		Urban	161975	77765	84210
9	Nagaland	Total	1710973	866027	844946
		Rural	1306838	665351	641487
		Urban	404135	200676	203459
10	Manipur	Total	1167422	588279	579143
		Rural	1055808	533856	521952
		Urban	111614	54423	57191
11	Mizoram	Total	1036115	516294	519821
		Rural	507467	257987	249480
		Urban	528648	258307	270341
12	Tripura	Total	1166813	588327	578486
		Rural	1117566	563908	553658
		Urban	49247	24419	24828
13	Meghalaya	Total	2555861	1269728	1286133
		Rural	2136891	1070557	1066334
		Urban	418970	199171	219799
14	Assam	Total	3884371	1957005	1927366
		Rural	3665405	1847326	1818079
		Urban	218966	109679	109287
15	West Bengal	Total	5296953	2649974	2646979
		Rural	4855115	2428057	2427058
		Urban	441838	221917	219921
16	Jharkhand	Total	8645042	4315407	4329635
		Rural	7868150	3928323	3939827
		Urban	776892	387084	389808
17	Odisha	Total	9590756	4727732	4863024
		Rural	8994967	4428522	4566445
		Urban	595789	299210	296579
18	Chhattisgarh	Total	7822902	3873191	3949711
		Rural	7231082	3577134	3653948
		Urban	591820	296057	295763
19	MadhyaPradesh	Total	15316784	7719404	7597380
		Rural	14276874	7187769	7089105
		Urban	1039910	531635	508275
20	Gujarat	Total	8917174	4501389	4415785
		Rural	8021848	4042691	3979157
		Urban	895326	458698	436628
21	Daman&Diu	Total	15363	7771	7592
		Rural	7617	3843	3774
		Urban	7746	3928	3818
22	Dadra&NagarHaveli	Total	178564	88844	89720
		Rural	150944	75049	75895
		Urban	27620	13795	13825
23	Maharashtra	Total	10510213	5315025	5195188
		Rural	9006077	4540456	4465621
		Urban	1504136	774569	729567
24	Telangana	Total	3286928	1659963	1626965
		Rural	2939027	1482516	1456511
		Urban	347901	177447	170454
25	AndhraPradesh	Total	2631145	1309399	1321746
		Rural	2293102	1138376	1154726
		Urban	338043	171023	167020
26	Karnataka	Total	4248987	2134754	2114233
		Rural	3429791	1723762	1706029
		Urban	819196	410992	408204
27	Goa	Total	149275	72948	76327
		Rural	87639	43263	44376
		Urban	61636	29685	31951
28	Lakshadweep	Total	61120	30515	30605
		Rural	13463	6752	6711
		Urban	47657	23763	23894
29	Kerala	Total	484839	238203	246636
		Rural	433092	213208	219884
		Urban	51747	24995	26752
30	TamilNadu	Total	794697	401068	393629
		Rural	660280	333178	327102
		Urban	134417	67890	66527
31	Andman & Nicobar Islands	Total	28530	14731	13799
		Rural	26715	13837	12878
		Urban	1815	894	921

Further, the States / UTs ranked by proportion of STs, as per Census 2011 are given in (Table-2⁵).

TABLE-3 GENDER COMPOSITION OF SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION

State/UT	SEX RATIO 2001			SEX RATIO 2011
State/UT	Total	Rural	Urban	Total	Rural	Urban
India	978	981	944	990	991	980
Jammu & Kashmir	910	916	799	924	927	872
Himachal Pradesh	996	1002	809	999	1003	923
Uttarakhand	950	956	867	963	966	938
Rajasthan	944	950	851	948	951	893
Uttar Pradesh	934	945	850	952	959	884
Bihar	929	934	839	958	960	934
Sikkim	957	950	1024	960	942	1042
Arunachal Pradesh	1003	1000	1020	1032	1022	1083
Nagaland	943	942	946	976	964	1014
Manipur	980	977	1040	984	978	1051
Mizoram	984	959	1012	1007	967	1047
Tripura	970	971	921	983	982	1017
Meghalaya	1000	987	1072	1013	996	1104
Assam	972	974	929	985	984	996
West Bengal	982	984	950	999	1000	991
Jharkhand	987	989	965	1003	1003	1007
Odisha	1003	1006	948	1029	1031	991
Chhattisgarh	1013	1017	941	1020	1021	999
Madhya Pradesh	975	979	912	984	986	956
Gujarat	974	978	926	981	984	952
Daman & Diu	947	952	928	977	982	972
Dadra & Nagar Haveli	1028	1032	973	1010	1011	1002
Maharashtra	973	979	931	977	984	942
Telangana	962	965	922	980	982	961
Andhra Pradesh	983	986	957	1009	1014	977
Karnataka	972	975	960	990	990	993
Goa	893	827	928	1046	1026	1076
Lakshadweep	1003	1001	1006	1003	994	1006
Kerala	1021	1020	1053	1035	1031	1070
Tamil Nadu	980	977	997	981	982	980
A & N Islands	948	954	796	937	931	1030

TABLE-4 LITERACY RATES AMONG STS AND ALL

Year	All			Scheduled Tribes
Year	Persons	Males	Females	Persons	Males	Females
1961	28.30	40.40	15.35	8.35	13.83	3.16
1971	34.45	45.96	21.97	11.30	17.63	4.85
1981	43.57	56.38	29.76	16.35	24.52	8.04
1991	52.21	64.13	39.29	29.60	40.65	18.19
2001	64.84	75.26	53.67	47.10	59.17	34.76
2011	73.00	80.90	64.60	59.00	68.50	49.40

The details of State / UT wise literacy rates of all population, ST population and gaps are given in (Table-5)⁶.

TABLE-5 LITERACY RATES OFALL POPULATION, ST POPULATION AND GAPS CENSUS 2011

Sl. No	State /UT	Persons			Male			Female
Sl. No	State /UT	All	ST	Gap	All	ST	Gap	All	ST	Gap
	INDIA	73	59	14.0	80.9	68.5	12.4	64.6	49.4	15.2
1	Jammu & Kashmir	67.2	50.6	16.6	76.8	60.6	16.2	56.4	39.7	16.7
2	Himachal Pradesh	82.8	73.6	9.2	89.5	83.2	6.3	75.9	64.2	11.7
3	Uttarakhand	78.8	73.9	4.9	87.4	83.6	3.8	70	63.9	6.1
4	Rajasthan	66.1	52.8	13.3	79.2	67.6	11.6	52.1	37.3	14.8
5	Uttar Pradesh	67.7	55.7	12.0	77.3	67.1	10.2	57.2	43.7	13.5
6	Bihar	61.8	51.1	10.7	71.2	61.3	9.9	51.5	40.4	11.1
7	Sikkim	81.4	79.7	1.7	86.6	85	1.6	75.6	74.3	1.3
8	Arunachal Pradesh	65.4	64.6	0.8	72.6	71.5	1.1	57.7	58	-0.3
9	Nagaland	79.6	80	-0.4	82.8	83.1	-0.3	76.1	76.9	-0.8
10	Manipur	76.9	72.6	4.3	83.6	77.3	6.3	70.3	67.8	2.5
11	Mizoram	91.3	91.5	-0.2	93.3	93.6	-0.3	89.3	89.5	-0.2
12	Tripura	87.2	79.1	8.1	91.5	86.4	5.1	82.7	71.6	11.1
13	Meghalaya	74.4	74.5	-0.1	76	75.5	0.5	72.9	73.5	-0.6
14	Assam	72.2	72.1	0.1	77.8	79	-1.2	66.3	65.1	1.2
15	West Bengal	76.3	57.9	18.4	81.7	68.2	13.5	70.5	47.7	22.8
16	Jharkhand	66.4	57.1	9.3	76.8	68.2	8.6	55.4	46.2	9.2
17	Odisha	72.9	52.2	20.7	81.6	63.7	17.9	64	41.2	22.8
18	Chhattisgarh	70.3	59.1	11.2	80.3	69.7	10.6	60.2	48.8	11.4
19	Madhya Pradesh	69.3	50.6	18.7	78.7	59.6	19.1	59.2	41.5	17.7
20	Gujarat	78	62.5	15.5	85.8	71.7	14.1	69.7	53.2	16.5
21	Daman & Diu	87.1	78.8	8.3	91.5	86.2	5.3	79.5	71.2	8.3
22	Dadra & Nagar Haveli	76.2	61.9	14.3	85.2	73.6	11.6	64.3	50.3	14
23	Maharashtra	82.3	65.7	16.6	88.4	74.3	14.1	75.9	57	18.9
24	Telangana	66.5	49.5	17.0	75	59.5	15.5	57.9	39.4	18.5
25	Andhra Pradesh	67.4	48.8	18.6	74.8	56.9	17.9	60	40.9	19.1
26	Karnataka	75.4	62.1	13.3	82.5	71.1	11.4	68.1	53	15.1
27	Goa	88.7	79.1	9.6	92.6	87.2	5.4	84.7	71.5	13.2
28	Lakshadweep	91.8	91.7	0.1	95.6	95.7	-0.1	87.9	87.8	0.1
29	Kerala	94	75.8	18.2	96.1	80.8	15.3	92.1	71.1	21
30	Tamil Nadu	80.1	54.3	25.8	86.8	61.8	25	73.4	46.8	26.6
31	A & N Islands	86.6	75.6	11.0	90.3	80.9	9.4	82.4	69.9	12.5

All India and State / UT wise details of education level - graduate and above for STs, age 15 years and above as per Census 2011 are given in (Table-6⁵). Literacy rate at all India level for different categories (all ages, age between 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, adolescent (10-19) and youth (15-24) classified for India, gender-wise, for total population and SC / ST in 2011 are given in (Table-7)⁶.

TABLE-6 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL-GRADUATE AND ABOVE FOR SCHEDULED TRIBES AGE 15 AND ABOVE

Sl. No	India / State/UT		Percentage of Total Graduate and Above (Col. 3)
		Total Graduate and Above	Graduate degree other than technical degree	Post-graduate other than technical degree	Technical degree or diploma equal to degree or post graduate degree
		Total Graduate and Above	Graduate degree other than technical degree	Post-graduate other than technical degree	Engineering and technology	Medicine	Agriculture and dairying	Veterinary	Teaching *	Others
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
	INDIA	1763879	64.08	18.28	5.92	1.94	0.36	0.11	9.27	0.04
1	Jammu & Kashmir	19320	55.01	22.51	7.16	3.98	0.61	0.45	10.09	0.20
2	Himachal Pradesh	16983	57.57	27.58	4.57	1.74	0.18	0.11	8.20	0.05
3	Uttarakhand	18868	61.74	28.87	4.43	1.35	0.20	0.01	3.40	0.00
4	Rajasthan	199280	52.83	22.17	3.14	1.20	0.11	0.06	20.49	0.01
5	Uttar Pradesh	18275	71.22	19.62	3.64	1.00	0.20	0.01	4.31	0.00
6	Bihar	12772	83.34	9.02	4.60	1.43	0.05	0.10	1.46	0.01
7	Sikkim	9401	71.71	16.93	5.94	2.60	0.55	0.20	2.01	0.06
8	Arunachal Pradesh	33331	70.94	13.40	8.99	3.32	1.03	0.36	1.94	0.02
9	Nagaland	75326	75.44	15.18	4.25	2.22	0.68	0.28	1.92	0.03
10	Manipur	60186	82.04	12.68	2.62	1.61	0.15	0.04	0.85	0.01
11	Mizoram	45681	70.62	16.57	5.51	2.43	0.48	0.38	4.01	0.02
12	Tripura	12074	72.58	15.83	5.47	3.35	0.80	0.15	1.81	0.02
13	Meghalaya	63897	73.85	13.05	5.59	2.47	0.61	0.28	4.13	0.03
14	Assam	74746	83.24	9.80	3.93	1.66	0.19	0.18	0.98	0.02
15	West Bengal	62032	79.85	13.50	3.00	1.03	0.12	0.04	2.44	0.01
16	Jharkhand	144262	79.58	12.76	2.62	0.95	0.13	0.06	3.90	0.01
17	Odisha	64859	71.23	9.64	14.56	1.24	0.14	0.06	3.13	0.00
18	Chhattisgarh	109384	54.98	37.76	4.09	1.39	0.38	0.05	1.35	0.01
19	Madhya Pradesh	121374	59.30	32.64	4.72	1.41	0.37	0.05	1.51	0.00
20	Gujarat	133702	56.13	19.54	5.11	3.11	0.38	0.05	15.55	0.13
21	Daman & Diu	170	63.53	14.71	7.06	3.53	0.00	0.00	11.18	0.00
22	Dadra & Nagar Haveli	2232	38.22	12.90	4.57	4.17	0.00	0.00	40.10	0.04
23	Maharashtra	185590	55.83	15.81	5.78	2.33	0.87	0.09	19.28	0.01
24	Andhra Pradesh	63124	57.36	13.61	10.52	2.75	0.27	0.14	15.11	0.24
25	Telangana	83954	56.08	14.55	13.17	2.89	0.17	0.11	12.88	0.15
26	Karnataka	102014	57.84	12.29	10.82	1.95	0.30	0.09	16.68	0.03
27	Goa	3990	77.57	8.47	6.24	3.48	0.18	0.00	4.06	0.00
28	Lakshadweep	1986	44.66	21.70	8.61	5.09	1.71	0.45	17.12	0.65
29	Kerala	10675	62.49	17.80	8.51	4.14	0.36	0.24	6.41	0.06
30	Tamil Nadu	13970	49.20	20.76	20.08	2.66	0.46	0.19	6.63	0.03
31	A & N Islands	421	46.32	17.10	3.33	5.23	0.00	0.71	27.32	0.00

*Teaching–Junior Basic Training (JBT),B.Ed., M.Ed., etc.

TABLE-7 LITERACY RATE

All categories (age groups)	Total			Scheduled Caste			Scheduled Tribe
All categories (age groups)	Persons	Male	Female	Person	Male	Female	Person	Male	Female
All Ages	73.0	80.9	64.6	66.1	75.2	56.5	59.0	68.5	49.4
10-14	91.1	92.2	90.0	90.3	91.5	89.0	86.4	88.3	84.4
15-19	88.8	91.2	86.2	87.1	89.7	84.1	80.2	85.7	74.6
20-24	83.2	88.8	77.3	79.1	86.2	71.6	69.2	79.6	59.0
Adolescent (10-19)	90.0	91.7	88.2	88.8	90.6	86.8	83.6	87.1	79.9
Youth (15-24)	86.1	90.0	81.8	83.3	88.1	78.0	75.0	82.9	67.1

Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Scheduled Tribe students has shown improvement at Secondary and Senior Secondary levels as well as at Higher Education level. Data are given in (Table-8^7,8).

TABLE-8 GENDER PARITY INDEX (GPI) FOR SCHEDULED TRIBE STUDENTS

Level /Year	Secondary (IX-X)	Senior Secondary (XI-XII)	Higher Education
2013-14	1.00	0.93	0.81
2014-15	1.01	0.95	0.81
2015-16	1.02	0.97	0.83
2016-17	NA	NA	0.85

Health Indicators:

As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4, conducted by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare during 2015-16⁹, status of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) and anaemia in women for STs as well as all categories are shown in Figure-3.

Figure-3 HEALTH INDICATORS: NFHS-4 (2015-16)

Health Infrastructure in Tribal Areas:

As per the figures pertaining to the Rural Health Infrastructure in Tribal Areas, published by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, there are 28200 Sub Centres (SCs), 4024 Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and 1028 Community Health Centres (CHCs) in position as on 31st March, 2017. The number of existing Sub Centres has increased by 242, PHCs by 67 and CHCs by 30 in 2017 over 2015. At all India level, there is a shortfall of 6503 SCs, 1240 PHCs and 273 CHCs in tribal areas as on 31st March 2017 as compared to requirement. Further, there is a huge shortfall in number of Sub-Centres in Madhya Pradesh (1806), Rajasthan (1239), Maharashtra (945), Karnataka (822) and Odisha (309). There is a shortfall of 381 PHCs in Madhya Pradesh (MP), followed by 228 in Jharkhand and 225 in Rajasthan. In case of CHCs, MP shows maximum shortfall (74), followed by Maharashtra (45) and Rajasthan (43). The requirement is calculated using the prescribed norms for rural health care infrastructure, given in (Table-9¹⁰).

TABLE-9 RURAL HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE

Centre	Population Norms
Centre	Plain Area	Hilly/Tribal/Difficult Area
Sub Centre	5000	3000
Primary Health Centre	30,000	20,000
Community Health Centre	1,20,000	80,000

Poverty Estimates:

The erstwhile Planning Commission provided estimates based on Tendulkar Methodology for poverty ratios for the years for which large Sample Surveys on Household Consumer Expenditure have been conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation¹¹. As per these estimates, ST people living below the poverty line in 2011-12 were 45.3% in the rural areas and 24.1% in the urban areas as compared to 25.7% persons in rural areas and 13.7% persons in urban areas below poverty line for all population. State-wise details for the years 2009-10 and 2011-12 are given in (Table-10).

TABLE-10 PERCENTAGE OF ST POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE DURING 2009-10 AND 2011-12 (TENDULKAR METHODOLOGY)

S.No.	State	Rural		Urban
S.No.	State	2009-10	2011-12	2009-10	2011-12
1	Andhra Pradesh	40.2	24.1	21.2	12.1
2	Assam	32.0	33.4	29.2	15.6
3	Bihar	64.4	59.3	16.5	10.3
4	Chhattisgarh	66.8	52.6	28.6	35.2
5	Gujarat	48.6	36.5	32.2	30.1
6	Himachal Pradesh	22.0	9.5	19.6	4.0
7	Jammu & Kashmir	3.1	16.3	15.0	3.0
8	Jharkhand	51.5	51.6	49.5	28.7
9	Karnataka	21.3	30.8	35.6	33.7
10	Kerala	24.4	41.0	5.0	13.6
11	Madhya Pradesh	61.9	55.3	41.6	32.3
12	Maharashtra	51.7	61.6	32.4	23.3
13	Odisha	66.0	63.5	34.1	39.7
14	Rajasthan	35.9	41.4	28.9	21.7
15	Tamil Nadu	11.5	36.8	17.6	2.8
16	Uttar Pradesh	49.8	27.0	20.2	16.3
17	Uttarakhand	20.0	11.9	0	25.7
18	West Bengal	32.9	50.1	20.6	44.5
	AllIndia	47.4	45.3	30.4	24.1

Percentage of ST Households and their Source of Lighting–a comparative picture of ST and All categories:

As per Census 2011⁵, the all India picture shows that Electricity is the main source of lighting, for ST households and all households followed by use of Kerosene. In Lakshadweep, 99.7% households have Electricity as the main source of lighting. It is followed by Daman and Diu (96.6%), Himachal Pradesh (94.5%), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (94%) and Goa (93.8%). In North Eastern States, among the ST households, Electricity is the main source of lighting. Sikkim is the highest (91.5%) followed by Mizoram (84.3%) and Nagaland (81.2%). Bihar and Odisha show a grim picture, with only 11.5% ST households (lowest) in Bihar having Electricity as against 16.4% of all households and Odisha with 15.6% ST households as against 43% all households. ST households in Bihar and Odisha are highest users of Kerosene.

Percentage of ST Households by the condition of Census houses occupied by them–comparative picture of ST and All categories:

As per Census 2011⁵, 40.6% ST households are seen to be having good houses as against 53% of total households. The highest number of ST households having good houses (87%) is seen in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Among the lowest in this category is Odisha with 19% ST households having good houses followed by West Bengal 28%, Bihar and Rajasthan 31% each and Assam 32%. At the all India level, 53.7% ST households as against61.3% of all households are having separate kitchen inside the houses. The highest number of ST households in this category is seen in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (97.9%) followed by Nagaland(96.8%), Lakshadweep (96.6%) Sikkim (91.7%),Meghalaya (91.2%) and Goa (90.2%).There are 7States falling below the all India percentage, the lowest being Rajasthan (22.1%) followed by Bihar(34.4%), Jharkhand (34.5%), Madhya Pradesh(36.6%), Andhra Pradesh (37.8%), Uttar Pradesh(43.0%) and West Bengal (48.2%) having kitchen inside the houses of the ST households.

Percentage of ST Households by location of main source of drinking water:

According to Census 2011⁵ data, it is seen that while almost 47 percent of all households in the country have drinking water facilities within their premises, less than 20% of the ST households enjoy this convenience. More than one third of the ST households have to spend time and energy fetching drinking water from far away sources as against only about 18% of all households at all India level. State / UT wise details are given in (Table-11).

TABLE-11 HOUSEHOLDS BY LOCATION OF THE MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER

State/UT	% of Households (all)			(%) ST Households
	By Location of the Main Source of Drinking Water
	Within the premises	Near the premises	Away	Within the premises	Near the remises	Away
India	46.6	35.8	17.6	19.7	46.7	33.6
A&N Islands	60.6	27.0	12.4	61.0	15.7	23.3
Andhra Pradesh	43.2	37.3	19.5	21.0	45.7	33.4
Arunachal Pradesh	41.1	37.4	21.6	36.5	40.4	23.1
Assam	54.8	26.7	18.5	47.3	28.9	23.8
Bihar	50.1	37.9	12.0	40.9	41.4	17.7
Chandigarh	86.1	11.6	2.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chhattisgarh	19.0	54.5	26.5	9.1	57.7	33.2
Dadra & Nagar Haveli	52.6	36.4	10.9	28.7	50.2	21.0
Daman & Diu	76.4	22.1	1.5	57.6	36.9	5.5
Goa	79.7	15.5	4.8	58.7	28.9	12.4
Gujarat	64.0	23.5	12.4	28.8	46.4	24.8
Haryana	66.5	21.4	12.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Himachal Pradesh	55.5	35.0	9.5	48.9	41.2	9.9
Jammu & Kashmir	48.2	28.7	23.1	15.3	39.2	45.5
Jharkhand	23.2	44.9	31.9	8.3	49.4	42.3
Karnataka	44.5	37.3	18.2	27.2	45.6	27.2
Kerala	77.7	14.1	8.2	44.3	30.4	25.4
Lakshadweep	83.7	14.3	2.0	83.9	14.2	1.9
Madhya Pradesh	23.9	45.6	30.5	8.4	50.1	41.5
Maharashtra	59.4	27.5	13.1	33.9	43.3	22.8
Manipur	16.1	46.2	37.8	13.3	52.9	33.8
Meghalaya	24.1	43.2	32.7	18.8	46.2	35.0
Mizoram	31.2	46.7	22.2	30.6	47.0	22.4
Nagaland	29.3	42.4	28.3	26.1	44.1	29.8
NCT of Delhi	78.4	15.4	6.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odisha	22.4	42.2	35.4	6.2	49.2	44.6
Puducherry	77.4	21.5	1.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjab	85.9	10.0	4.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rajasthan	35.0	39.0	25.9	11.0	47.5	41.5
Sikkim	52.6	29.7	17.7	48.8	31.7	19.5
Tamil Nadu	34.9	58.1	7.0	21.1	65.9	13.0
Tripura	37.1	30.5	32.4	14.2	32.2	53.6
Uttar Pradesh	51.9	36.0	12.1	43.0	38.8	18.2
Uttarakhand	58.3	26.6	15.2	55.8	31.1	13.1
West Bengal	38.6	34.7	26.6	18.6	44.3	37.1

Employment:

Worker Population Ratio (WPR)

As per the fifth Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2015-16, conducted by Ministry of Labour and Employment, the Worker Population Ratio (WPR) for different social groups based on Usual Principal Status (UPS) approach and Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS) approach are given in (Table-12¹²). At the All India level, WPR was the highest under Scheduled Tribe category with 54.2% followed by 50.6% under the Scheduled Caste category, 47.8% for Other Backward Class category and 44.0% for others category based on Usual Principle Status (UPS) approach.

TABLE-12 WORKER POPULATION RATIO

All India (in percent)

Approach	Scheduled Caste	Scheduled Tribe	OBC	Others
UPS	50.6	54.2	47.8	44.0
UPSS	53.7	60.0	50.4	45.5

The unemployment rate signifies the proportion of persons who are available for work, but did not get work during the reference period. Based on the Usual Principal Status (UPS) approach, the unemployment rate at the All India level was 5.2% for Other Backward Class category which was highest among all four social groups. In case of Scheduled Caste and Others category, the unemployment was estimated to be 5.0% each. The lowest unemployment rate was recorded as 4.4 % under Scheduled Tribe category.

Women Empowerment:

The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Empowerment is seen as a process by which the ones without power gain greater control over their lives. This means control over material assets, intellectual resources and ideology. It involves power to, power with and power within. Some define empowerment as a process of awareness and conscientization, of capacity building leading to greater participation, effective decision-making power and control leading to transformative action. This involves ability to get what one wants and to influence others on our concerns. With reference to women, the power relation that has to be involved includes their lives at multiple levels - family, community, market and the state. Importantly, it involves at the psychological level - women’s ability to assert them and this is constructed by the ‘gender roles’ assigned to her especially in a cultural setup which resists change like India.

Domestic violence against women:

Violence against women is present in every country, cutting across boundaries of culture, class, education, income, ethnicity and age. Specific groups of women are more vulnerable, including minority groups, indigenous and migrant women, refugee women and those in situations of armed conflict, women in institutions and detention, women with disabilities, female children, and elderly women. Domestic violence is the most prevalent yet relatively hidden and ignored form of violence against women and girls. Violence against women has serious consequences for their mental and physical well-being including their reproductive and sexual health⁹. One of the most common forms of violence against women worldwide is abuse by a husband. Women Empowerment and Domestic Violence Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India 2013 shows that prevalence of violence is much higher among women belonging to STs and SCs than among women who do not belong to these categories. While variation in violence during the 12 months preceding the survey by different social group pattern, the differentials is much smaller as shown in Figure-4.

Figure-4 Women who have experienced Domestic Violence¹⁴

Crimes Committed against ST Population in India:

As per data released by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)¹³, Ministry of Home Affairs, Madhya Pradesh (1823 cases) reported the highest number of cases of atrocities against Scheduled Tribes (STs) accounting for 27.8% followed by Rajasthan with 18.2% (1195 cases) and Odisha with 10.4 % (681 cases) during 2016. State /UT wise details are given in (Table-13).

TABLE-13 CRIMES/ATROCITIES AGAINST STS

Crime Head	Crime Incidence			Crime Rate
Crime Head	2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016
Atrocities Against STs	6827	6276	6568	6.5	6.0	6.3

India is committed to the welfare and development of its people in general and of vulnerable sections of society in particular. Equality of status and opportunity to all citizens of the country is guaranteed by the Constitution of India, which also provides that no individual shall be discriminated against on the grounds of religion, caste or sex, etc. Fundamental Rights and other specific provisions, namely, Articles 38, 39 and 46 in the Constitution of India¹ stand testimony to the commitment of the State towards its people. The strategy of the State is to secure distributive justice and allocation of resources to support programmes for social, economic and educational advancement of the weaker sections in general and those of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in particular. The Scheduled Tribes in India have not remained untouched from various crimes. They have been victims of countless crimes, both because of their gullibility and lack of hearing of their grievances. Looking at the year wise comparative data on the crimes committed against Scheduled Tribes, from 2006 to 2012, it is seen that: Murders decreased from 2006 to 2010 but increased in the year 2011 and 2012.The increase in murders in 2012 was about 9.09% over the year 2011. Rapes decreased from 2006 to 2009 but increased in 2010 and 2011. However a marginal fall of 5.57% was noticed in 2012 over 2011. Similar trend was seen in case of kidnappings and abductions with a sharp decline of 24.82% in 2012. Dacoity also registered a fall of 28.57% in 2012 over 2011 while robbery rose¹³.

Major ST Communities:

There are over 700 Scheduled Tribe communities spread over different States and Union Territories of the country. Within ST population, some ST communities count each more than 5%population in every State. These have been identified and compiled State/UT wise. In 31 States/UTs, out of more than 700 Scheduled Tribe communities, 111 communities count each 5% (of ST population of concerned State/UT). These 111 communities add up to 803.25 lakhs, i.e., 76.8%of total ST population^18,19.

SCHEDULED AREAS:

The Scheduled Tribes mostly live in contiguous areas unlike other communities. It is, therefore, much simpler to have an area approach for development activities as well as regulatory provisions to protect their interests. In order to protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes with regard to land and other social issues various provisions have been enshrined in the Fifth Schedule and the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution¹¹.

Criteria for Declaration of Scheduled Areas:

Criteria for declaring any area as a “Scheduled Area” under the Fifth Schedule are:

(i) Preponderance of tribal population,

(ii) Compactness and reasonable size of the area,

(iii) A viable administrative entity such as a district, block or taluk, and

(iv) Economic backwardness of the area as compared to the neighbouring areas. The above criteria for declaration of Scheduled Areas are as such not spelt out in the Constitution, but have become well established.

Fifth Schedule:

The Fifth Schedule under Article 244 (1) of the Constitution contains provisions regarding administration of Scheduled Areas other than in Northeast India. The provisions of Section 6 of Part C of the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution are as follows: “Scheduled Areas–(1) In this Constitution, the expression "Scheduled Areas" means such areas as the President may by order declare to be Scheduled Areas.

Sixth Schedule:

The Sixth Schedule under Article 244 (2) and 275 (1) of the Constitution provisions as to the administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. It also provisions for autonomous districts and autonomous regions in such areas. The subject matter relating to Sixth Schedule comes under purview of Ministry of Home Affairs.

The President may at any time by order- (a) direct that the whole or any specified part of a Scheduled Area shall cease to be a Scheduled Area or a part of such an area; (aa) increase the area of any Scheduled Area in a State after consultation with the Governor of that State; (b) alter, but only by way of rectification of boundaries, any Scheduled Area; (c) on any alteration of the boundaries of a State or on the admission into the Union or the establishment of a new State, declare any territory not previously included in any State to be, or to form part of, a Scheduled Area; (d) rescind, in relation to any State or States, any order or orders made under this paragraph, and in consultation with the Governor of the State concerned, make fresh orders redefining the areas which are to be Scheduled Areas; and any such order may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the President to be necessary and proper, but save as aforesaid, the order made under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall not be varied by any subsequent order.

Coverage of Scheduled Areas:

At present, Scheduled Areas have been declared in the States of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana), Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan.

Law Applicable to Scheduled Areas:

Provisions of Para 5 of Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, relating to role of the Governor of a State, which has Scheduled Areas, are given below: “(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Governor may by public notification direct that any particular Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not apply to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the State or shall apply to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the State subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification and any direction given under this sub-paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective effect. (2) The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in a State which is for the time being a Scheduled Area. In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such regulations may - (a) prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by or among members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area; (b) regulate the allotment of land to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area; (c) regulate the carrying on of business as money-lender by persons who lend money to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area. (3) In making any such regulation as is referred to in sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph, the Governor may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State or any existing law which is for the time being applicable to the area in question. (4) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the President and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect. (5) No regulation shall be made under this paragraph unless the Governor making the regulation has, in the case where there is a Tribes Advisory Council for the State, consulted such Council.”

Reports by the Governor to the President:

In accordance with the provisions of Part A, Para 3 of Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, the Governor of each State having Scheduled Areas therein shall annually, or whenever so required by the President, make a report to the President regarding the administration of the Scheduled Areas in that State and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the administration of the said area. As per Constitutional provision, States having Scheduled Areas, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana are required to submit Governor’s Report annually.

CONCLUSION:

Indian Scheduled Tribes are the group of tribal communities and was given the name Scheduled Tribes during the post-Independence period, under the rule of Indian Constitution. The primary criteria adopted for delimiting Indian backward communities as Scheduled Tribes includes, traditional occupation of a definitive geographical area, characteristic culture that includes a whole range of tribal modes of life, i.e., language, customs, traditions, religious beliefs, arts and crafts, etc., archaic traits portraying occupational pattern, economy, etc., and lack of educational and economic development. The profile of schedule tribes since independence has been changing like other communities. The areas of populations, education, medical health, basic amenities like water, electricity, etc and the crimes against ST population have been analyzed over the past decade or so. However, the change observed in schedule tribes has been slower than other communities. Due to lack of awareness among these communities, the slower rate has been observed^20,21. The schedule areas spread among the length and breadth of India and the current profile of schedule areas as per the Constitution of India has been presented. The central government and state governments have initiated schemes for betterment of scheduled tribes but still all programs are not reaching effectively to the tribes hence, government should take concert decisions to make them effective and some more programs are to be introduced for betterment of Scheduled Tribes in India²².

REFERENCES:

1. The Constitution of India.

2. Jayakumar A. and Palaniyammal P. Socio-economic status of scheduled tribes in Kalrayan hills. International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah, 4 (3); 2016: 22-30.

3. https://www.niti.gov.in/

4. Ministry of Socio Justice and Empowerment, Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India.

5. http://censusindia.gov.in

6. Office of the Registrar General, India

7. Bhttp://udise.in/contactus.htm

8. http://aishe.nic.in/aishe/home

9. http://www.who.int/

10. http://rchiips.org/nfhs/

11. http://www.mospi.gov.in/national-sample-survey-office-nsso

12. http://labourbureaunew.gov.in/UserContent/EUS_5th_1.pdf

13. http://ncrb.gov.in/

14. https://www.tribal.nic.in/ST/StatisticalProfileofSTs2013.pdf

15. Indian Scheduled Tribes

16. Status of Women in Tribal Society of India – Essay [Online].

17. Journal of Rural Studies. 16 (1); 2009: 1-11.

18. Tharu Manisha and Yadav Ram Ganesh, Development of Tribal Women in Society, International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature. 6 (8); 2018: 621-626.

19. Tharu Manisha and Yadav Ram Ganesh, Effects of Technological Development through Electronic Communication in Women Empowerment, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IJHSS). 7 (5); 2018: 93-100.

20. Socio-economic empowerment of women through ‘Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, 2013’ – the missing link?

21. Ministry of Socio Justice and Empowerment, Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India.

22. Panduranga R and Nayakara Honnurswamy, Status of Scheduled Tribes In India, ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research. ISSN 2348-3164 (online) 2 (4)2014: 245-252.

23. Tharu Manisha and Yadav Ram Ganesh, Impact of Skill Development Programmes on Tribal Communities: A Case Study of Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh, International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature. 6 (9); 2018:237-250.

Received on 29.10.2018 Modified on 29.11.2018

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(2): 513-523.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00085.8

Bottom 5 States/UTs		Top 5 States/UTs
Uttar Pradesh	0.6%	Lakshadweep	94.8%
Tamil Nadu	1.1%	Mizoram	94.4%
Bihar	1.3%	Nagaland	86.5%
Kerala	1.5%	Meghalaya	86.1%
Uttarakhand	2.9%	Arunachal Pradesh	68.8%

S. No.	Crime	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	% variation of 2012 over 2011
1	Murder	195	140	124	122	124	143	156	9.09
2	Rape	699	627	585	589	640	772	729	-5.57
3	Kidnapping and Abduction	88	89	87	66	69	137	103	-24.82
4	Dacoity	12	9	13	3	7	7	5	-28.57
5	Robbery	29	21	17	22	5	9	15	66.67
6	Arson	46	54	46	27	33	24	26	8.33
7	Hurt	838	855	777	715	917	803	816	1.62
8	Other Crimes Against STs	2603	2628	2855	2882	2927	2700	2759	2.19
9	Protection of Civil Rights Act	49	5	6	2	5	7	2	-71.43
10	SC/ST (POA) Act	1232	1104	882	822	1037	1154	1311	13.60
	Total Crimes against STs	5791	5532	5392	5250	5764	5756	5922	2.88