Women's Quest for Status in India after Independence

 

Dr. Geetali D. Tilak1, Dr. Deepak J. Tilak2

1Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune

2Vice Chancellor, Tilak Maharasthra Vidyapeeth, Pune

*Corresponding Author Email: geetalitilak@gmail.com, kulguru@tmv.edu.in

 

ABSTRACT:

The present paper attempts to study the status of women in India after independence. It studies the various laws framed for women in the Indian society. It tries to portray that the need of the hour is to create awareness in the society for the Swarajya of the women.

 

KEYWORDS: Women, Law, India, IPC, Lokmanya Tilak.

 

 


1. INTRODUCTION:

What does a woman want? To lead a simple, honest healthy life. To pursue livelihoods that brings in enough to live. To have friends and family and access to good clean food and clothes, have a roof over one's head. That is what most of us have wanted and continue to want. Traditionally, an Indian woman had four fold status-role sequences. Traditionally, women role as daughter, wife, housewife and mother was well defined and fixed in the society but it is now experiencing far-reaching changes. Freedom, equality, justice and peace are all what women now want. Today’s modern women's tendency are driving towards the social issues, and making a decent attempt to improve the social position of women at large. Increased awareness and education has propelled women to come out of four barriers of the home. Many women actively supported and participated in the nationalist movement and secured eminent positions and offices in administration and public life in free India. Traditionally Indian women exist because of the family and for the family [1][2].

 

 

Decades after freedom India have seen tremendous changes in the status of women in the Indian culture. The constitution has been set down as an elementary right to the equity of genders. It is not a simple case of progress of women in this modern era as it was changed in the nineteenth century from a position of absolute degradation and suppression of women to a position of equality in the middle of the twentieth century [4].

 

In India, after independence, government had passed series of laws for the upliftment of women. These legislations have been implemented in order to give equal rights and privileges to men, to eliminate discriminations against women, remove inequality between sexes, and remove external barriers coming in the way of their self-realization and development [3].

 

2. WOMEN’S ACTS IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Various acts have been passed by the Indian constitution of India containing several rights and safeguards for women. Few those of them are:

 

1. The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955:

This Act provided equal rights to women to obtain divorce and also maintenance in certain cases.

 

2. The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956:

As per the virtue of this Act a woman has rights to adopt a boy or a girl as her son or daughter.

 

3. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act of 1956:

This Act gives that a women is qualified for go about as the normal guardian of her minor kids.

 

4. The Hindu Succession Act of 1956:

Because of this Act, women has got equivalent rights in the legacy of family property. This Act is a milestone ever of law.5. The Hindu Women Right to Property Act of 1973:

 

This Act has given more facilities to women. According to this Act, the daughter, the widow, and the mother can inherit property of the deceased simultaneously. Now women will hold her property absolutely with full right to sell, mortgage, and dispose of as she desires. But according to the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, woman has only to enjoy her husband's share in coparcenaries property for her life time without any right to alienate property [10].

 

5. The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961:

By virtue of this Act, taking or demanding dowry is considered as an offence and liable to be punished by imprisonment and or fines.

 

6. The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976:

This Act does not allow wage separation among male and female labourers.

 

3. VIEWS ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS:

Why is it that while there has been a legal expansion of women's rights in India, the societal trends that maintain a violent order against women have remained intact?

 

The most recent such pronouncement came from Ms Asha Mirje, a member of the Maharashtra State Commission for Women who stated: "Rapes take place also because of a woman's clothes, her behavior and her presence at inappropriate places." In other words, for many people in society (including many women) such a woman deserves what she gets. For Indian men the exhibit of manliness, which has in every case dangerously laid on harassing women, has now additionally turned out to be connected to breaking the laws that secure women [8].

 

Women are victim of Rape and sexual assault not only at homes, streets and offices, but also she is the victim during the public riots between caste and religious groups and woman's body become a site of that violence. To protect the women many laws are stated in India. In any case, none of this implies much except if law requirement organizations really actualize the law. There are comments on state capacity in India, because of difference between the presence of good laws and their real carrying out. Protesting by women’s groups for the specific law of protecting the women from domestic violence, the Domestic Violence Act 2005 was the consequence of it. Yet, even women who know of the law do not use it. And millions of women do not even know about it [9].

 

Even if the campaigns to inform women about their rights under the law succeed, and large numbers of Indian women come to realize that they need not accept violence in their homes, will that bring about a change in the situation? Going by current evidence, it is unlikely. Because essentially, what needs to change are the attitudes and mindsets of Indian men. Until these change, until Indian men accept women as equal human beings, deserving of the same rights and privileges as them [5][6].

 

The Indian government has been trying to show its support towards women and Providing a secure environment for women where there are free in 21st century.  The Union Budget provides for financial assistance, dedicated banks and more. These are necessary and laudable steps. Regardless of how economically independent the educated, urban woman becomes or how hard rural outreach programs work at improving feminine hygiene and maternal care, the narrative always meanders back to safety or the lack of it [7].

 

3.1 Lokmanya’s View on Women’s Right:

Lokmanya Tilak personally opposed to early marriage, but also he was against the 1891 Age of Consent bill, which rose the age of a girl from 10 to 12 years for marriage. Tilak sees as interference with freedom movement and vigorously protested by saying we would not like that the British government should have anything to do with our social customs or ways of living even supposing the act will be very beneficial and suitable" ; Tilak wanted social reforms by conscious consent of the society and not by British law. Tilak himself got his daughters married at the correct age. He believed that laws alone do not change the attitude of the society.

 

4. DATA ANALYSIS ON CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA:

As per the analysis of data taken from Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India related to crimes happening against women in different states of India, it explore that how in India crime rate against women is high. This analysis shows state-wise crimes across India. Which states are the heavy weights in crimes? Who is the undisputed champion of rapes in a year? Which state excels in cruelty by husbands and the relatives to wives? Which state leads in dowry deaths?

 

The data in OGD is available for crimes against women in different states under different ‘crime heads’ like rape, dowry deaths, kidnapping & abduction etc. The data is available for years from 2013 to 2018 [11].

 

4.1 Projected Numbers of Rapes in India:

The top 3 heavy weights in projected rapes over the next 5 years are 1) Madhya Pradesh 2) Uttar Pradesh 3) Maharashtra.


 

Table 1: State-Wise Projected Numbers of Rapes in India-Highest Incidence

Rank

State

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

1.     

Madhya Pradesh

4730.44

4832.02

4933.6

5035.18

5136.76

5238.34

2.     

Uttar Pradesh

3382.26

3529.39

3676.52

3823.65

3970.78

4117.9

3.     

Maharashtra

2511.76

2570

2628.25

2686.49

2744.74

2802.98

4.     

West Bengal

2309.88

2386.16

2462.43

2538.71

2614.98

2691.26

5.     

Assam

1753.44

1813.52

1873.6

1933.68

1993.76

2053.84

6.     

Andhra Pradesh

1777.17

1825.17

1873.17

1921.17

1969.17

2017.17

7.     

Rajasthan

1662.24

1728.31

1794.37

1860.43

1926.49

1992.56

8.     

Odisha

1461.95

1523.37

1584.79

1646.2

1707.62

1769.03

9.     

Kerala

1022.76

1070.12

1117.48

1164.84

1212.2

1259.56

10.  

Chattisgrah

1210.64

1218.93

1227.22

1235.51

1243.8

1252.09

(Source: Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India.)

 

Table 2: State-Wise Projected Numbers of Dowry Deaths in India

Rank

State

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

1.   

Uttar Pradesh

10455.21

10981.76

11508.3

12034.85

12561.39

13087.94

2.   

Bihar

3523.59

3624.41

3725.23

3826.06

3926.88

4027.7

3.   

Madhya Pradesh

2501.15

2561.05

2620.94

2680.84

2740.73

2800.63

4.   

Andhra Pradesh

1448.17

1472.44

1496.71

1520.97

1545.24

1569.51

5.   

West Bengal

1281.17

1322.47

1363.78

1405.09

1446.4

1487.71

6.   

Maharashtra

1338.06

1344.71

1351.36

1358.01

1364.66

1371.31

7.   

Odisha

984.76

1010.66

1036.55

1062.45

1088.35

1114.25

8.   

Karnataka

664.83

678.06

691.29

704.53

717.76

730.99

9.   

Rajasthan

625.41

624.32

623.23

622.14

621.05

619.95

10.                   

Jharkhand

506.74

499.54

492.33

485.12

477.92

470.71

(Source: Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India.)

 

Table 3: State-Wise Projected Numbers of Kidnapping and Abduction in India

Rank

State

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

1.                     

Uttar Pradesh

18060.29

19578.7

21097.12

22615.54

24133.95

25652.37

2.                     

Bihar

3955.79

4235.2

4514.62

4794.04

5073.45

5352.87

3.                     

West Bengal

2825.14

2959.27

3093.41

3227.55

3361.68

3495.82

4.                     

Assam

2753.36

2844.69

2936.01

3027.34

3118.66

3209.99

5.                     

Andhra Pradesh

2008.79

2102.2

2195.62

2289.04

2382.45

2475.87

6.                     

Gujarat

1908.47

1995.38

2082.28

2169.19

2256.09

2343

7.                     

Maharashtra

1852.24

1931

2009.75

2088.51

2167.26

2246.02

8.                     

Tamil Nadu

1736.48

1822.23

1907.97

1993.71

2079.45

2165.19

9.                     

Madhya Pradesh

1427.41

1476.93

1526.46

1575.98

1625.51

1675.03

10.                   

Odisha

1185.48

1254.57

1323.66

1392.75

1461.83

1530.92

(Source: Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India.)

 


Rape cases have reported increase of 30 % from 19383.54 cases in 2017 to 25194.73 in 2018. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence of Rape with 5238.34 cases (20.8%) and 4,117.9 (16.3%) followed by Maharashtra 4,189 (11.1%) during 2018 [11].

 

4.2 Projected Numbers of Dowry Deaths in India:

The top 3 heavy weights in projected dowry deaths over the next 5 years (2013-2018) are

1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Bihar 3. Madhya Pradesh. As per the table 2, it shows that rate of dowry deaths crime against women in Uttar Pradesh is very high [11]. 

Uttar Pradesh reported 48% (13087.94 out of 27280.7 cases) of total cases of dowry deaths crimes against women followed by Maharashtra (5%) only 1371.31 cases registered during 2018. Uttar Pradesh state reported the highest crime rate in 2018, compared to other states of India [11].

 

4.3 Projected Numbers of Kidnapping and Abduction Crimes against Women:

Crime Against women have shown increasing trend over the past 5 years with the significant increase of 5.2 % (50147.08) in 2018 over (47660.33) 2017. Kidnapping and Abduction of women in Uttar Pradesh state are accounted for 51.1 % of the cases (50147.08) followed by Maharashtra (4.5%) of 2246.02 cases registered during 2018. Again in this crime, Uttar Pradesh is on the top as compared to the other states in India. From table 3 it has been analysed that every year 7% kidnapping and abduction crimes against women is being increased in Uttar Pradesh State [11].


 

4.4 Projected Numbers of Cruelty by Husband and Relatives:

Table 4: State-Wise Projected Numbers of Cruelty by Husband and Relatives

Rank

State

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

1.                     

Uttar Pradesh

36648.11

38826.42

41004.73

43183.04

45361.35

47539.66

2.                     

Maharashtra

29655.79

30489.78

31323.77

32157.77

32991.76

33825.75

3.                     

West Bengal

22014.09

23250.37

24486.66

25722.94

26959.22

28195.51

4.                     

Andhra Pradesh

23288.8

24254.52

25220.23

26185.94

27151.66

28117.37

5.                     

Gujarat

21245.85

22206.03

23166.21

24126.39

25086.58

26046.76

6.                     

Madhya Pradesh

11380.5

11674.77

11969.04

12263.31

12557.58

12851.85

7.                     

Rajasthan

10054.73

10328.07

10601.41

10874.76

11148.1

11421.44

8.                     

Kerala

7671.42

7909.05

8146.68

8384.31

8621.94

8859.57

9.                     

Karnataka

6916.29

7286.82

7657.35

8027.88

8398.41

8768.95

10.                   

Assam

6260.18

6638.79

7017.39

7396

7774.6

8153.21

(Source: Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India.)

 

 

Table 5: State Wise Total Numbers of Crimes against Women

Rank

State

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

1.                     

Uttar Pradesh

75662.09

79874.18

84086.27

88298.36

92510.45

96722.55

2.                     

Maharashtra

43434.42

44636.9

45839.38

47041.85

48244.33

49446.8

3.                     

Andhra Pradesh

41971.47

43406.07

44840.67

46275.26

47709.86

49144.46

4.                     

West Bengal

31828.74

33474.57

35120.41

36766.24

38412.07

40057.9

5.                     

Madhya Pradesh

29155.17

29639.13

30123.09

30607.05

31091.01

31574.97

6.                     

Gujarat

25225.33

26259.87

27294.41

28328.95

29363.49

30398.03

7.                     

Odisha

16496.3

17360.02

18223.73

19087.44

19951.16

20814.87

8.                     

Assam

17617.21

18176.91

18736.61

19296.31

19856.01

20415.71

9.                     

Karnataka

16662.48

17341.5

18020.51

18699.52

19378.53

20057.54

10.                   

Rajasthan

16719.21

17046.07

17372.92

17699.77

18026.62

18353.48

(Source: Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India.)

 

 


Cases under Cruelty by Husband and Relatives Crime against Women have reported increase of 3.7% in 2018 over 2017. Majority of cases under crimes against women were reported under ‘Cruelty by Husband or His Relatives’ (67.6%) followed by ‘Kidnapping and Abduction crime against Women (15.8%), Dowry Deaths crimes against women (8.6%) and ‘Rape’ (8%) [11].

 

4.5 Total Crimes Reported against Women:

Total Cases under Crime against Women have reported increase of 3.4 % in 2018 over 2017. Table 5 shows that, 25% cases of total 376986.3 have been registered in Uttar Pradesh state followed by Maharashtra 13.11%.  As per the analysis of data mentioned in above five table , it conclude that crime like Dowry Deaths, Kidnapping and Abduction and Cruelty by Husband and Relatives are happing at very high rate in Uttar Pradesh state of India as compared to the other states [11].

 

5. CONCLUSION:

At the point when men adore intensity of the women, in the meantime they anticipate that women should acknowledge the auxiliary job. Presently we see that women in India feel pleased to show that they are all around ensured and spoiled by their spouses without understanding that they are making themselves powerless. Such women' financial education is low to the point that they can't assume any job in family's choice with respect to family's financial plan, reserve funds and speculations. On the off chance that cutting edge women believe that they are engaged, it is a legend for them. Strengthening intends to move women with the mettle to break free from the chains of constraining convictions designs and societal or religious conditions that have customarily kept ladies stifled and unfit to understand their actual magnificence and power. Support other women, instruct them and help understand their esteem and remain without anyone else legs. Though India has got freedom, Indian women after 69 years of independence have failed to acquire equal status to men. The lack of education in rural India, social behavior pattern have not changed in spite of various laws. So the need of the hour is to create awareness in the society for the swarajya of the women.

 

6. REFERENCES

1.        H. Mohapatra., (2015).” Status of Women in Indian Society”, Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Volume 3 , Issue 6 ,  pp-33-36 ,ISSN : 2321-9467.

2.        P. Abhishek., J. Gayathari. (2018). “A Critical Analysis of Status of Women in India”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Vol. 120, No. 5, ISSN: 1314-3395.

3.        S. Maniwal., (2014).” Changing Status of Women in Modern India”, International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Vol.4, Issue 2, ISSN No. 2250-0758.

4.        R. Singh., (2014). ”Status of Women in Today’s Society“, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722.

5.        Mandal, Ajit and Mete, Jayanta., (2012). “Women Empowerment and Education in the context of India, University News”, Vol. 50, No. 20, pp-12-15.

6.        C. S. Halli., (2016). “Status of Women in India, status of ancient, medieval and modern” Imperial journal of inter disciplinary research vol. 2, issues. 2, pp:54-62.

7.        N. Rathore., (2017). “A study on women empowerment in India”, International journal of engineering technology science and research, vol. 4, issue 11.

8.        A. Banerjee., (2013).” Status of Women and Gender Discrimination in India” A State wise analysis”, International Journal of Development Research Vol. 3, Issue, 12, pp.057-064, ISSN No: 2230-9926.

9.        A. Shastri., (2014).” Gender Inequality and Women Discrimination”, IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol.19, Issue. 11, pp- 27-30 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.

10.      National Crime Records Bureau “Crime against Women”, Retrieved on: http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2013/Chapter/5-Crime%20against%20Women.pdf. (Accessed On: 13th April 2019).

11.      Open Government Data (OGD) “Crime against women- A crime map of India”, Retrieved on: https://gigadom.in/tag/crime-against-women . (Accessed On: 13th April 2019).

 

 

 

 

Received on 05.05.2019         Modified on 27.05.2019

Accepted on 19.06.2019      ©A&V Publications All right reserved

Res.  J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(3):824-828.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00136.0