1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Agriculture activity and forest resource collection are the major livelihood source among rural tribal people. Agriculture has been the traditional occupation for a vast majority of tribals. Traditional agricultural production system and less amount of agricultural land per household among tribal are leads to low productivity. That’s why agriculture development is necessary to meet the needs of the poor. (Economywatch 2010). Forest has been the lifeline of tribal people in India. The tribe has a very close relationship with the forest. Tribals have been living in the forest ecology and that has shaped their life and the society they presently have.

The ongoing pursuit of economic development and market pressure on government has forced policymakers to convert tribal forest land into nontribal uses (Tripathi 2016). As a result, large-scale deforestation takes place. With the passage of time livelihood of the forest-dependent tribal people become insecure. That’s why Forestry is also an important step towards sustainable development. The major objectives of this study are as follows: To investigate the influences of agriculture activity and forest resource on tribal livelihoods. And to find out the major challenges which are facing by tribal people for agriculture development and forest resource collection. Lots of study reveals that sensible investments in land care and water management have the power to transform the tribal agrarian system. The uncertainty of Monsoon significantly reduces paddy yields and forces, farmers, to migrate. The ‘5% farm pond’ will enable farmers to provide proactive irrigation during critical periods of moisture stress (Phansalkar and Verma. 2004). The major tribals groups in Rarh Bengal are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Low agricultural productivity and production have resulted in their economic deprivation. Ignorance of the farmers, lack of irrigation facility, poor credit supports, etc. are some of the factors that restricted agricultural development. New agriculture technology can improve the production and productivity of the agricultural sector in the tribal region and that leads to economic development among tribal (Barla 2013). Tribal’s in Rarh Bengal is highly dependent on the collection of forest products for their commercial needs, among which Sal leaf, Sal seed, Firewood, Mushrooms, Mahua flower, Kend fruit, and Kind leaves are marketable and provide the opportunity to supplement household income. Generally one woman from each family walk 6 km (average) into the forest every day to collect sal leaves and firewood, and, at that time, they also gather flower, fruit, roots, and leaves to sustain their livelihood, whereas they have to cover approximately 8 km distance for marketization of these products except sal leaves. Fuelwoods contribute a substantial portion of the monthly income of these poor tribal families (Saha and Sengupta 2014).

The study will generate solutions for the major challenges facing by tribal people for agriculture activity and forest resource collection and to extract regional specific solution for the sustainable living of the people who are fully or partially dependent on agriculture activity and forest resources for their livelihood. The strategies developed will be useful in efficient utilization and mobilization of existing resources for all-round development of the area. The findings will be of great importance for scientists, planners and extension workers for planning, formulation, and implementation of developmental projects for tribal poverty alleviation through utilization of eco-friendly forest-based livelihood strategies (Mohammad 2012).

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The database of the study is based on secondary and primary sources. Secondary sources of data are collected from the flowing sources:

I. Districts Statistical handbook-2003 and 2013 from Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal.

II. Report from the higher education Govt. of West Bengal- 2010-11.

III. Primary Census Abstract 2001 and 2011, District Census Handbook 2011.

IV. Website of the earthexplorerusgs.gov

After collecting the whole Secondary data, data were tabulated in a suitable master sheet according to specific variables and parameters for the analysis. Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) has been used for a better understanding. The whole region was divided into four subregions like High Livelihood Resource Region (HLRR), Medium Livelihood Resource Region (MLRR), Low Livelihood Resource Region (LLRR) and Very Low Livelihood Resource Region (VLRR) on the basis of Livelihood Assets Index (LAI) based on the secondary data. For Livelihood Assets Index following five livelihood capitals as Indicator has been used: 1. Human Capital, 2. Natural Capital, 3. Physical Capital, 4. Financial Capital and 5. Social Capital. After that combining the five livelihood capital through PCA technique, Livelihood Assets Index (LAI) has been calculated. For Natural Capital following variables are used: 1. Forest land in hector, 2. Percentage of the cultivable area to total area, 3. Percentage of irrigated area to total cultivable area, 4. Pisciculture area in hector and 5. Percentage number of livestock to the total region. For Human Capital following variables are used: 1. Schedule tribe literacy rate, 2. Percentage of the total worker, 3. Percentage of rural people served by the educational facility, 4. Percentage of rural people served by the medical facility. For Physical Capital following variables are used: 1. Elevation in metre, 2. Percentage of the area to the total region. For Financial Capital following variables are used: 1. Net collection from small savings in rupees, 2. A total number of banks per one lakh population, 3. Percentage of rural people served by bank facility. For Social Capital following variables are used: 1. A number of co-operative societies, 2. Percentage of rural people served agricultural credit societies. In order to investigate the influences of agriculture activity on tribal livelihoods, Correlation Co-efficient technique has been used for that purpose following variables has been used: 1. Percentage of ST population to total population (dependent variable), 2. Percentages of irrigated area to total cultivable area (independent) and 3. Livelihood Capital Index (dependent variable). In order to investigate the influences of forest resource on tribal livelihoods once again, Correlation Co-efficient technique has been used for that purpose following variables has been used: 1. Percentage of ST population to total population (dependent variable), 2. Forest land in hector (independent variable) and 3. Livelihood Capital Index (dependent variable). Primary data is collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The questions were formed to understand the influences of agriculture activity and forest resource on tribal livelihoods and the major challenges facing by tribal people for agriculture development and forest resource collection. Purposive Random Sampling Technique is used, to meet the goal and objective of the study. 150 respondents were selected from four regions from the study area. Thirty respondents were selected from HLRR and every forty respondents from MLRR, LLRR and VLLRR based on the size of landholding viz., large, medium and small. In order to investigate the influences of agriculture activity on tribal livelihoods, per household annual average income from four major crops has been calculated from primary data. And percentage to total migrants (seasonal migration) and distance of workplace of the migrants and no of working days has been calculated from the primary survey. In order to investigate the influences of forest resource on tribal livelihoods, the percentage of tribal people engaged in forest products collection, Income from different forest products and no of working days of each product has been calculated.

3 RESULTS:

1.3.1 Livelihood Resource Region:

Rarh Bengal or Rarh region itself is a natural region and also a resource region because it has some sort of homogeneity in terms of physical environment, climatic condition, and overall human characteristics. The interaction among the following three attributes- possession of human capabilities, access to other tangible and intangible assets and the existence of economic activities defines what livelihood option an individual pursues. Livelihood options of rural household consisted of farming and non farming activities. There are eight different options, which rural household were pursuing for their livelihood (G & Vijayaragavan, 2010). For depth analysis and inquiry of the major constraints of sustainable livelihood among tribal the whole region divided in four sub region by considering natural and human elements. Five types of capital or resources incorporated to represent natural and human elements. Five types of capital are as follows 1) Natural capital, 2) Human capital, 3) Physical capital, 4) financial capital and 5) Social capital.

Source: Compiled by Researcher, 2018

Table 1.1: Spatial Distribution of Livelihood Resource Index Values

Zone Name & Index Value	No of C.D Blocks	Area in SQKM	% to Total Area
VLLRR (0.31-0.44)	36	11279.39	33.12
LLRR (0.45-0.50)	29	10703.84	31.43
MLRR (0.51-0.61)	30	5162.90	15.16
HLRR (0.62-0.71)	26	6906.58	20.28

Source: Compiled By Researcher, 2018. N.B. HLRR-High livelihood Resource region, MLRR- Medium Livelihood Resource region, LLRR-Low Livelihood Resource Region, VLLRR-Very Low Livelihood Resource Region.

From the map- 1.2 it is observed that livelihood resource is unevenly distributed throughout the region and gradually expanding from west to east within the study area. 64.55% area of the total region is under low to very low livelihoods Capital. That’s why the cross-sectional declining of livelihood options from east to west within the study region is found. It is also an agro climatic region named ‘undulating lateric region’ developed by central remote sensing agency of Government of West Bengal. Livelihood capital distribution within the study region itself indicates inequality. Such inequality play major role towards labor migration, financial exclusion and social exclusion and ultimately strives to livelihood insecurity. High level of inequality of livelihood capital is playing as major constraints of sustainable livelihood. Livelihoods in Rarh region in West Bengal continue to be based primarily on subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry and the extraction of natural resources. Seasonal migration among young men and women is a frequent phenomenon in western part of the region. The outputs of the various livelihood activities among tribal are typically in the form of food grains, food items, fuel wood, wood for building house and cash earned by performing wage labor or selling various goods. Insufficient output result found in very low livelihood resource region which leads to non fulfillment of needs. Low livelihood resource region fall under partial fulfillment of needs. It was found that landless and marginal people between the age-group 30-45 years migrated to place like Burdwan, Hooghly and Purba Medinipur. The migration usually took place after the monsoonal crop. The main reason for seasonal migration is inadequate irrigation facility, lack of fertile land, degradation of forest, erratic rain fall and soil degradation.

3.2 Schedule Tribe population Distribution:

Source: District Census Handbook, 2011

ST population to total population is the measurement of ST population in respect to total population whether a region has more ST Population distribution than another region. It also gives us a clear picture of ST population concentration and distribution in respect to the total population.

From the Map- 1.3 it is observed that very high (28.71-54.88) percentage of ST population to total population located in the South Western part of the region. On the other hand very low (>8.18) percentage of ST population to total population located in Eastern and North Eastern part of the region. Major causes of very high concentration of ST population in the South Western part of the region are favorable tribal living condition: high land, isolated hills, rugged topography, forest area and nearness to tribal kinship network, etc. on the hand major causes of very low ST population concentration in Eastern and North Eastern part of the region are low level of tribal network and kinship, unfavorable tribal living condition, etc.

3.3 Agricultural Land Distribution:

Percentage of irrigated area to total cultivable area is the measurement of irrigated area (agricultural land) in respect to total cultivable area. It gives us a clear picture of agricultural land distribution within the study region.

Source: District Census Handbook, 2011

Table-1.2: Percentage of Irrigated Area to Total Cultivable Area in Rarh Bengal, West Bengal

Class of Irrigated Area (%)	Zone Name	No of C.D Blocks	Area in Hector	% to Total Area
0-30.47	Very Low	31	611554.96	26.78
30.48-60.18	Low	29	599153.04	26.24
60.19-80.63	Medium	29	595272.59	26.07
80.64-99.58	High	32	477344.01	20.91

Source: Compiled by Researcher, 2018

The Map- 1.4 indicates that the percentage of irrigated area to total cultivable area is increases from West to East within the study region. Major reasons behind this pattern are suitable agriculture land, good irrigation facility, transport facility, market facility, Bank facility are much higher than other parts of the region.

3.4 Influence of Agriculture Activity on Tribal Livelihoods:

From map- 1.3 and map- 1.4 its can be say that a higher percentage of the tribal population in respect to the total population is living low to very low irrigated areas within the study region. Sixty C.D blocks out of hundred and twenty-one blocks are under low to very low irrigated area. 53.02 percentage areas to the total area under are low to very low irrigated area. So, large segments of the tribal population deprived of high-intensity agriculture. So, a direct influence from agriculture to their Livelihood is limited. To secure their livelihood they are migrated from low and very low irrigated area to high irrigated area as a seasonal migratory. So, their indirect influence from agriculture as agriculture labor is very significant.

Figure-1.1: Relationship between Percentage of Irrigated Area to Total Cultivable Area and Livelihood Capital Index

Source: Compiled by Researcher, 2018

The above figure- 1.1 is is observed that there is a strong linear relationship between the percentage of irrigated area to total cultivable area and livelihood capital index. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) value is 0.77. Which tell us that 1unit positive change in the percentage of irrigated area to the total cultivable area leading towards 0.77unit positive change in livelihood capital index. So, it can say that agriculture activity on livelihood capital is highly significant within the study region.

Table-1.3: Landholding Income from Four Major crops within Tribal Household and

Size of Farmer within the resource region	Total No of Household	P.C of Household to Total Household	Total Population	P.C of Population to Total Population	Per household Average Landholding in Acres	Per Household Annual Average Income*
1A	6	20.00	32	22.22	1.202	7600.00
1B	11	36.67	52	36.11	0.708	1573.55
1C	13	43.33	60	41.67	0.352	532.55
2A	10	25.00	54	29.03	4.005	14126.60
2B	13	32.50	59	31.72	1.277	3026.66
2C	17	42.50	73	39.25	0.529	358.86
3A	10	25.00	69	33.17	2.203	3356.10
3B	15	37.50	74	35.58	1.109	687.56
3C	15	37.50	65	31.25	0.368	73.33
4A	10	25.00	59	29.65	4.686	3598.00
4B	14	35.00	58	29.15	1.886	964.29
4C	16	40.00	82	41.21	0.965	0.00
TR	150		737		1.453	140.52

Source: Field Survey 15^th Jan-16^th Feb- 2018. N.B: P.C means Percentage, Income* indicates income from four major crops (Paddy, Potato, Sesame and Mustard seed) and 1 = HLRR, 2 = MLRR, 3 = LLRR & 4 = VLLRR; A = large, B = Medium & C = small Landholding Size household, TR = Total Region.

Table-1.4: Seasonal Migration (Agriculture Labor) and Location of Work Place of the Migrants

Type of Farmer within Resource Region	No of Migrants	% To Total Migrants	Age Group of Migrants (%)		The distance of Workplace of the Migrants (%)
Type of Farmer within Resource Region	No of Migrants	% To Total Migrants	18-45	<46	>30 KM	31-100 KM	<100 KM
1A	11	20.00	63.64	36.36	63.64	27.27	9.09
1B	18	32.73	66.67	33.33	72.22	16.67	11.11
1C	26	47.27	69.23	30.77	69.23	19.23	11.54
2A	16	26.23	68.75	31.25	62.50	31.25	6.25
2B	18	29.51	66.67	33.33	55.56	33.33	11.11
2C	27	44.26	74.07	25.93	44.44	37.04	18.52
3A	11	20.00	63.64	36.36	63.64	27.27	9.09
3B	17	30.91	70.59	29.41	29.41	23.53	47.06
3C	27	49.09	70.37	29.63	14.81	18.52	66.67
4A	17	26.15	64.71	35.29	11.76	29.41	58.82
4B	22	33.85	77.27	22.73	13.64	22.73	63.64
4C	26	40.00	76.92	23.08	15.38	23.08	61.54
TR	236		70.34	29.66	40.25	25.42	34.32

Source: Field Survey 15^th Jan-16^th Feb- 2011. N.B: 1 = HLRR, 2 = MLRR, 3 = LLRR & 4 = VLLRR; A = large, B = Medium & C = small Landholding Size Household, TR = Total Region, KM means Kilometre.

Deciduous and scrub vegetation cover the greater part of the Rarh region of Medinipur, Bankura, Barddhaman, and Birbhum districts. The major forest is composed of sal, Palash and Mahua along with mixed haldi, pala, Piyaal, Pidha, Simal, Arjun, Bahera, Haritaki, and others. Most of the trees are high economic values. There is some Bamboo grooves, Date, Plams, and Babla are found here and there. In recent times with the increasing density of Source: District Statistical Handbook 2003, Govt. of West Bengal

Population, the forest has been largely destroyed for the agriculture, industrial, and urban development. And it has already affected the wildlife and livelihood of forest-dependent people of this region (Maji, 1980).

Table-1.5: Forest Land in Rarh Bengal, West Bengal

Class of Forest Land in Hector	Zone	No of C.D Blocks	Area (Hector)	% to Total Area
0	No Forest	35	118370.97	21.45
1-3920	Low Forest cover	29	116770.61	21.16
3921-7584	Medium Forest cover	30	147673.99	26.76
7585-32224	High forest cover	27	169030.43	30.63

Source: Compiled by Researcher 2018

3.6 Influence of Forest Resource on Tribal Livelihood:

From the above map- 1.3 and map- 1.5 it can be say that tribal people are more concentrated in respect to total population in southwestern part of Rarh Bengal and forest cover also relatively high than another part of the region. This part of the region is also less agriculture productive than another part of the region. So, tribal people of this region are more dependent on forest for sustaining their livelihood.

Figure-1.2: Relationship between Forest land in Hector and Livelihood Capital Index

Source: Compiled by Researcher

From the above figure-1.2 it is observed that there is a moderate negative relationship between forest land and livelihood capital index. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) value is-0.55. This indicates that 1unit positive changes in forest land leading towards 0.55 units declining of livelihood capital index. So, it can say highly forest cover areas are the most livelihood insecure region.

Table-1.6: Different Forest Products, Their Availability, Income, and Their Importance on Tribal Life

Name of the Forest Products	No of Months available/ Year	Monetary Value (in RS.)	Uses/Importance on Tribal Life
Sal Leaf	8	15-20/1000 plates	Dry Sal leaf for fuel
Sal Seed	3	6-10/Tin	Oil extraction, Sal Flower- used in the festival
Firewood	12	70-100/Bundle	Fuel, Sal Wood (stem) used in house construction
Mushroom	2	200-250/kg	Food
Mahua (flower)	2	5-8/kg	Liquor used daily and Festival
And Leaf	2	20-25/Bundle	Bidi Making
Kend Fruit	1.5	10-15/kg	Food
Medicinal Plants	Vary product to product	NA	Illness and Diseases

Source: Field Survey 15^th Jan-16^th Feb- 2018

From the table-1.6 it is observed that different forest resources are generating employments all around the year, income and self-consumption for different purposes is also very important. Fire wood has the largest no of working months (12 Months), after that, Sal leaf (8 months), Sal seed (3 Months). Large scale illegal forest cutting by non tribal is the major challenges now.

3.7 Major Challenges Facing by Tribal People for Agriculture Development and Forest Resource Collection:

There are various problems facing by tribal people. The below problems are collected from field survey and rigorous literature study.

Table-1.7: Challenges and Opportunities of Tribal Livelihood

Challenges/Problems Facing	Probable Opportunities
· Low literacy, lack of skills and poor health care facility	· A huge amount of forest resources
· Poor basic amenities, services, and infrastructure	· A huge amount of unused (vacant) land and potentiality of scientific mechanized farming
· Unemployment and poverty	· Adequate no of monsoonal river
· Poor information and less proactive government institutions	· A large amount of unskilled human resources
· Inadequate linkages and a sense of isolation	· Huge potentiality of forest-based industry
· Powerlessness and lack of voice	· Huge potentiality of agro-based industry and food processing industry
· Maoist extremism	· Huge potentiality of Ayurvedic and medicine production hub.
· Rapid large scale illegal deforestation and lack of natural resource management	· Huge potentiality of Mining based industry
· Unfavorable topography, lack of irrigational facility and low agricultural productivity	· Huge potentiality of Training-exhibition-performing institution of tribal culture.
· Low landholding and seasonal food insecurity	· Huge potentiality of nature and culture based tourist center

Source: By Author, 2018

4. CONCLUSION:

Dependence on primary sector leads to stagnant economic condition among the tribal community. Agriculture (both cultivation and agriculture labor) is the major livelihood strategy, after that, Hunting and gathering (Rabit, Mouse, Pig, etc. and fruits, roots, Honey & Mushroom, etc and Sal leaf, Kendu leaf, etc). Many tribal lost their lands and those who still owned land had inadequate means to cultivate it. The government should set up Regional Resource Center (RRC) for information dissemination regarding location specific demand for agriculture labor, construction labor, transportation labor, etc. Livelihood security is diminishing from HLRR to VLLRR and also within from large farmer to small farmer. Large segments of the household do not have sufficient land for sustaining their life. Land redistribution is the utmost necessity in areas with river, canal, and pond irrigated region. Joint forest management (JFM) would be more profitable if the government mitigate the problems like an administrative obligation, basic leadership building, and infrastructure development. Setting up of primary collection center at Panchayat level for the accumulation of NTFPs is very needful. Minimum support prices for NTFPs are very much necessary. It is very necessary to provide suitable scientific drought-prone mechanized cultivation methodology in LLRR and VLLRR. The government should adopt long term industrial-friendly policy and develop infrastructure for agro-based, forest-based, mining based and tourist-based industry. That can reduce human poverty. Health care, Education and Transportation facility should reach to maximum people at any cost. It will tremendously reduce intra-regional inequality and recover from the poverty trap.

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher as well as my parents who gave me the golden opportunity in the world of research. Special thanks to Palash Ghosh for Mapping help. And last I like to express my gratitude to an unending source of inspiration- “Baani.”

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Received on 01.06.2019 Modified on 30.06.2019

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(3):899-906.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00148.7