INTRODUCTION:

People's participation in rural development is by no means a new concept. It was formulated in the mid-1970s, amid growing awareness that development efforts were having little impact on poverty. A recent evaluation found that many governments, development agencies and non-governmental organisations have recognized that the "top-down" approach characteristic of traditional development strategies have largely failed to reach and benefit the rural poor. For example, half of rural development projects funded by the World Bank in Africa were outright failures. A study by the International Labour Organization (ILO) of 40 "poverty-oriented" rural development projects worldwide also revealed that the poorest of the poor are frequently excluded from project activities and benefits. At world conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD) held in Rome in 1979, the international community identified the reasons for this failure – the lack of active participation of the poor programmes designed, supposedly, to assist them.

However, pressed by a lack of resources, deteriorating terms of trade and mounting external debt repayments many governments are looking for alternative approaches to development. In this search, people's participation as a mechanism for promoting rural development is of paramount importance. People's participation implies the active involvement in development of the rural people, particularly disadvantaged groups that form the mass of the rural population and have previously been excluded from the development process.

The WCARRD in 1979 affirmed that "participation by the people in the institutions and systems which govern their lives is a basic human right and also essential for realignment of political power in favour of disadvantaged groups and for social and economic development". Te importance of people's participation has also been highlighted by UNDP in its Human Development Report 1990, which emphasis that a participatory approach, including the involvement of NGO's, is crucial to any strategy for successful human development.

In the 1990s strategy, the concept of people's participation in rural development drastically shifted to new policy. The pivotal role of people's participation in development is now re-emerging in economic and social development thinking. One striking example of this trend comes from the world Bank. It's strategy for sustainable development in Africa, the Bank calls for a "people-centred" approach that will improve the poor's access to productive assets, allow them to participate in designing and implementing development programmes, and foster their involvement in institutions from village to national level. UNICEF has proposed similar measures in its strategy for structural adjustment "with a human face", stressing people's participation in the formulation of development policy and efforts to make full use of local potential.

Where is India stand on the above matter? Several strategies of rural development have been tried in India since independence. Some of these programmes such as Community Development projects, Integrated Rural Development Programme¹. Gandhi's dream of every village being a republic has been translated in to reality, with an introduction of three-tier Panchayati Raj system to enlist people's participation in rural reconstruction². Various programmes like Area specific, group specific, employment generation and minimum need programmes implemented in most of Indian states which includes Andhra Pradesh. Despite all these measures for rural sector, the government was not fully succeeded to eradicate rural poverty in India.

In mid 1990s, Andhra Pradesh has faced a severe economic crisis. As a result TDP government had initiated economic reforms in the state. Moreover, TDP government followed a different policy strategy for rural development. These includes intensive poverty reduction initiative through a strategy of social mobilization of poor into self-help group approach, people's participation based strategy and provision of basic minimum services through a numerious welfare schemes. However, TDP government inspired and adopted some of the World Bank strategy of "people-centered" approach through a major Janmabhoomi programme implemented in the state. This clearly reveals a policy shift under Janmaboomi in rural development strategies. This paper is divided into the following four parts for analysis.

I. Evoluation of Janmaboomi Programme:

Janmabhoomi programme was launched in Andhra Pradesh under the chief ministership of Mr. Chandra Babu Naidu in January 1997. It was evolved with the rich experience gained by the various communities in India and abroad in rural uplift. The following are some of the examples, which inspired by the State government to launch Janmabhoomi³.

The Zemecha:

Zemecha is a campaign for development was launched in Ethiopia after the overthrow of the monarchy. It's immediate objective was to organize peasant associations. For this purpose, the government deployed students and officials numbering 60, 000.

Swamirvar:

Swamirvar means self-reliance. Its campaign was launched by Bangladesh in 1975, sought the 'participation of every household'. Its main objective of mobilizing people's resources was not so much intended to make the people really self-reliant as it is to reduce pressure on limited government resources to satisfy local needs. Moreover, the leadership of the campaign quickly passed into the hands of the landed elite with the poor grossly unrepresented.

Saemual Undong:

Saemual Undong means a movement to make new village or new community of South Korea. It was in a world a movement to live well. Its aims at comprehensive area development. It also aims at putting into practice the principle of aided self-help. It seeks to inculcate the Saemaul spirit of diligence, which, in other words, is to make people work hard diligently and voluntarily. Secondly, it is a drive to cultivate and practice the spirit of 'helping one self', i.e., self help. Thirdly, it is intended to promote the spirit of co-operation. Here, we find an attempt to develop the area and the environment on the one hand and to promote values in people on the other. But, in this, one can smell an element of compulsion from the fact that the work is carried out by the ministry of Home Affairs, instead of creating a ministry exclusively for rural development.

Prajala Vaddaku Paalana:

Prajala Vaddaku Paalana popularly known as PVP was launched by the TDP government in November 1995. It was intended to take the government to the doorsteps of the people. Earlier, the late N.T. Rama Rao launched a programme called 'Prajala Mungita' paalana' with similar aims and objectives. Moreover, the main purpose of PVP was intended to bridge the gap between the common man and the state administration. It enabled government officials to acknowledge the problems of the people through direct contact, and the people in turn got an opportunity to represent their problems and grievances directly to the officials. Who were not accessible earlier.

The entire state administration, including the Ministers, District collectors, Revenue officers and Mandal development officers etc. were mobilized on a large scale to meet the people in Gram Sabhas to discuss the problems confronting them, to receive representations concerning community problems as well as individual grievances and try to find solutions for the same. Action taken on such representations was to be reported at the next round of PVP. Besides, exhibiting the action taken reports prominently at public places⁴.

Shramadanam:

Shramadanam means contribution of voluntary labour for development was launched by the TDP government in January 1996. This was a logical out come of PVP programme. Because during the course of PVP rounds, it was realized that the people at large scale, were even prepared to participate through contribution of labour and donations in the execution of works identified by them. Moreover, there was a spontaneous response to the programme from the people who realized that there were several problems like repairing irrigation canals, school buildings, road etc. which could be taken up and executed the beneficiaries by themselves with the help of the government⁵.

Janmaboomi Programme:

Janmabhoomi was believed to be the logical outcome and inspiration of the above mentioned aspects. This is a people-centered participatory development process, which aims at comprehensive development of rural areas through aided self-help. It is different from the earlier programmes in the sense that the emphasis is on participative development with a view to make rural development comprehensive and villages self-reliant.

In fact, Janmabhoomi redefined 'people's in relation to the state and draws a set of parameters for the governance that delinks democracy from development. The document 'vision-2020' provides ample evidence in its chapter on 'people-centered, growth oriented governance', where it categorically states that the government is merely a facilitator of growth. It is truly an idea mooted by World Bank⁶.

However, the basic idea behind the progrmme was to inspire people to organize themselves into self-help groups to plan for identifying their local needs through Gram Sabhas and share in their design and implementation⁷. Such an approach is expected to help people express themselves better and find solutions that are appropriate to the local conditions. Janmabhoomi main aimed at helping each of us internalize the time tested values of sacrifice, hardwork, diligence, discipline, honesty, self-respect and the quest for excellence.

Explaining this, Mr. Naidu, in a statement made on the floor of the Assembly on March 23, 1997 said: "Janmabhoomi must be viewed in the context of the government's overall vision of the ideal society". The ideal society which embodies and cherishes the principles of people's participation, equality, transparency and accountability leading to sustained economic development and excellence in all walks of life⁸.

II. Principles and Core Objectives of Janmabhoomi Programme:

The state government has enlisted the following as the main principles of Janmabhoomi to restructure and realigned the institutions. These institutions would be expected to promote the following Janmabhoomi principles values every citizen in the society⁹.

People's Participation:

People's direct participation in all activities which is important, as traditional wisdom in the management of local resources, have been found to be more effective than plans made by the bureaucracy at the top level.

Equity and Equality:

Collective initiatives involving people of all castes, creed and gender have been found helpful to remove social tensions. As a result of this material benefits expected to occur. This would help to bring about equality in society.

Transparency:

Since government schemes are implemented through using popular participation, the gulf between the state and the people was sought to be removed. Consequently, the government could no more be conceived as secretive machinery. Popular participation and transparency was expected to help build trust in the working of the government.

Accountability:

Under the Janmabhoomi programme, people had a say and involvement at the grassroots level developmental and welfare initiatives. Obviously they could expected make the government functionaries accountable on a regular basis.

Innovation:

Janmabhoomi was conceived as an innovative exercise in local level governance. Since innovation and creativity were at the core of the success of individuals and societies. Such an exercise would help spread the culture of innovation.

Sustainability:

Programmes of development utilizing local wisdom and popular participation were found to be environmentally more sustainable than schemes worked out by experts. For instance, under Janmabhoomi programme Forests management took the local people into confidence. As a result, people developed a stake in the forests and its chances of survival were more.

Following above principles of Janmabhoomi, what we can observe is that the people's participation is the core of the innovative approach adopted by state government through Janmabhoomi to bring about social transformation and the development of the weaker sections of the society. This clearly shows a policy shift under Janmabhoomi to empower rural poor.

An institutional formwork for Janmabhoomi should give rise to a process where the government, the democratic institutions of the people, the grassroots people's institutions, the facilitating agencies (including NGO's, academic institutions such as students and teachers) and people themselves can participate as equal partners. All these institutions should be imbued with the core principles of Janmabhoomi in order to carryout their tasks effectively. People are conscious that movement of this magnitude would have wider ramifications for all segments of the population in the state.

The following were the five core areas objectives in Janmabhoomi for operationalizing this programme by the state government.

1) Firstly, community works, which includes irrigation, primary school building construction, building roads, construction of community halls and village side drains etc. The felt needs of the people relating to any one of the above community works would be identified and prioritized by themselves in the Gram Sabha. People are expected to contribute 30 per cent of the cost in terms of voluntary labour or monetarily or material contribution. The rest of 70 per cent is incurred by the government. So that, without contractors people can themselves develop their own villages. For more details see appendixes for categorisation of community works as well as pattern of people's contribution to these works.

2) Secondly one, primary education, in this scheme, government was expecting people should campaign their respective habitations regarding the importance of education, try to enroll more children and reduce dropouts in their local schools. Government expected to focus major social issues like access to all the children into school causes of low enrolment and low retention, reduce dropouts etc. would be addressed with the help of people's participation.

3) Third core area was primary health and family welfare. Under this scheme, the state government is supposed to conduct free health camps for the rural poor, women and veterinary camps through active participation of the local people. Government was also assured for empowerment of women to ensure equal status and opportunities in the society.

4) The fourth core area of Janmabhoomi was Environment Conservation. Under this scheme, the state government is expected to provide toilet facilities for the messes adopted to their local conditions. Further, the programme seeks to protect the forests by involving the people through "Vana Samrakshana Samities". Clean and Green village campaign and plantation of trees in the institutions, households, waste lands through active people's participation would be expected to taken up under this scheme.

5) The fifth one was responsive Governance, which means government is responsive and transparent to the people at the grassroots level Gram Sabhas. All the felt needs representations received from the people categorized into three categories namely. Individual Family Needs (IFN), Non-Financial Community Needs (NFCN) and Financial Community Needs (FCN) would be expected accordingly segregated and handed over to the concerned mandal level functionaries. Who present at the Gram Sabha meetings¹⁰. Action would be expected to announce the next round of the Gram Sabha meetings. For more details on categorisation of these schemes see in the annexure. However, evaluation and critical examination of these core areas analyzed in the next followed chapters.

The questions arises here is what were institutional arrangements made by the government for Janmabhoomi? What is the structure of Janmabhoomi for operationalzing the programme and finally apart from the bureaucrats and political functionaries who are the other functionaries involved to carryout this programme. The institutional arrangements for Janmabhoomi are supposed to be as follows¹¹.

· Gram Sahba, consisting of all adult voting population in a habitation (or habitation shaba) is supposed to be the basic unit.

· Habitation Level Committee (HLC) or 'People's Council' is supposed to be the institution for Janmabhoomi at habitation level consisting of group leaders of the self help groups, NGO members, representatives from weaker sections and women. Sarpanch is supposed to be the chairperson of this committee.

· Mandal level nodal team is to be headed by a nodal officer.

· District level committee to be headed by the District collector.

· State level committee to be headed by the Chief Minister.

The Janmabhoomi programme operates through a structure, which is as mentioned below¹².

· There are 1, 100 nodal officers to run the programme in 1, 125 mandals in 23 districts. These operate at the mandal level.

· There are 1, 249 supervisory teams above the nodal officers.

· Janmabhoomi operates through quarterly rounds with fixed schedules.

· NGOs with local presence are involved.

· User groups or self-help groups created for key rural sectors are involved.

Habitation Level Committee (HLC) is suppose to be the functionaries of Janmabhoomi at grassroots level. A habitation is supposed to be constituted for every 2, 000 people but in practice the situation is different. The composition of the HLC is as follows¹³.

Chairman - Sarpanch of Gram Panchayat

Member - MPTC(MandalParishad Territorial

Constituency Member)

Member - Group leader of DWCRA / SHG Groups

Member - President of Watershed Association.

Member - President of User's Association

Member - President of VSS (Vana Samrakshna Samiti).

Member - Group leader of SHG of Wage Seekers under

EAS/JRY.

Member - Member of Gram Panchayat for concerned

habitation.

Member - Representative of the NGO working in the

habitation.

Convenor-Habitation level officer

Three aspects could be highlighted from the aforesaid evaluation of structure and functioning of Janmabhoomi. Firstly, Gram Sabhas are effectively controlled by bureaucratic nodal agency as the local priorities are identified and fixed by the nodal agency. Secondly, NGOs through concerned self-help groups influence the functioning of Janmabhoomi and finally the participation of sarpanch and ward member is nominal leading to circumscribing of the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) itself.

III. Evaluation of 19 Phases of Janmabhoomi Rounds:

Janmabhoomi programme launched mainly envisaging direct involvement of the people in development programmes and included widely publicised meetings between the bureaucracy, political leaders, functionaries and the people. The government of Andhra Pradesh has conducted nineteen (19) Phases of Janmabhoomi rounds meetings between January 1997 to July 2003 for a duration of one week each round. In most of the phases meetings the TDP government has focused on the social issues to sensitise the community at the grassroots level such as family planning, against child marriage and dowry, importance of education, cleanliness and personal hygiene, malaria control, awareness on HIV/AIDS, sanitation, against untouchability and focus on caste equality, conservation of water, all aspects of women's empowerment, guidelines to kharif crop for better production etc.

Apart from the aforesaid awareness issues, the government distributed pensions for needy poor, LP Gas connections to women under Deepam scheme, cycles to girl students and ration cards for poor etc. The state government also conducted free health camps, dental camps as well as veterinary camps and trees plantation at various public places, institutions etc. How far these measures successful analysed in the following chapters. The question remains whether Mr. Naidu was interested in participating meetings only to build his image through a set of highly publicised policies? Because Naidu finds Janmabhoomi as a necessary step forward to get out of the political crisis that got accumulated over a period of time. Mr. Naidu who is a son-in-law of N.T. Rama Rao, became chief minister in August 1995 by seizing power from NTR through instigating defection in the party¹⁴.

The NTR-TDP has charged Mr. Naidu with misusing government machinery and public money for personal image building. Moreover it said that, Mr. Naidu made a mockery of a laudable concept dear to people like Gandhi and Jaya Prakash Narayan by his causal attitude to Janmabhoomi¹⁵.

The question about the extent of actual participation of the people remained an open one. Infact, Janmabhoomi had not successful in Telangana region because of the opposition and boycotted by the PWG Naxalites. For example in Karimnagar district during the first phase of Janmabhoomi, teams of students and officials participated in the programme have been sent back by Naxals in about 15 villages. They criticized that Mr. Naidu took it up to prove his administrative abilities.¹⁶ Another incident took place in the same district during third phase, where two jeeps to of a team of officials, who were returning from meetings were set fire by PWG and they announced the entire boycott of Janmabhoomi programme¹⁷.

The Dalit community especially Mala caste people did not fully participated in few phases of programme, because TDP government was favoured to madiga community by classification of SCs in to four categories for providing reservations. As a result Mala Mahanadu announced its intention to boycott the programme¹⁸. Based on news paper reports also reveals that public participation in developing plans for rural development was partially nil, and generally there was a lack of interest¹⁹.

The big question was whether the Janmabhoomi enjoyed the support of all the political parties or was it a purely TDP venture?Mr. Y.S. Rajasekhar Reddy reportedly announced that the Janmabhoomi programme would be scraped if the congress came back to power, which in fact he did after became the chief minister. Mr. C.H. Vidyasagar Rao (BJP) in a television interview asked Mr. Naidu to immediately suspend the programme on two counts. One, it had flopped and second, it failed to involve the elected representatives at the local level like sarpanches and MLAs. Further he criticized that Mr. Naidu craze for Information Technology, computers and so on would not solve the problems of the poor²⁰.

In fact, Congress (I) party participated in Janmabhoomi only few phases and the rest they boycotted. While the BJP and left parties also did more less same. These parties also opined that Janmabhoomi was a TDP programme. On the positive side, one can agree that Janmabhoomi had given the people an opportunity to question the officials, MLAs, political leaders and functionaries at the Gram Sabha meetings. And they also got aware of their rights Through This Programme.

However, after a 10 years gap, the TDP government came to power in 2014 in the present 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh state. This party had again implemented its favourite programme. But there some policy shifts changes took place in the programme. For example, as per the TDP government, Janmabhoomi is a flagship social initiative of its government comprising of three schemes such as 1. Digital Classrooms. Under this over 3000 schools have been successfully digitalised in the two years. More than a million students have been benefited, 2 Anganwadis Centers. Under this janmabhoomi was making great strides in reforming anganwadis. The main focus was on improving pre school education facilities, public healthcare and nutrition facilities across the sunrise state. and 3. Crematorium. Under this, its aim was to build proper burial grounds so as to ensure a dignified departure for the deceased. In the two years, this initiative has started various construction projects for crematoriums across the state.(https://www.apjanmabhoomi.org, dated 14/08/2019). Another example of some policies shifts under its own Janmabhoomi was held in June-2019. This was to review the thrust areas of Aadhar linked enhanced pensions, ration cards, health camps, veterinary camps, sensitising people through five campaigns of fight against poverty, enrolment of children in schools, guidance to farmers, Neeru-Chettu(water and tree), Swacha Andhra, social empowerment, skill development and preparation for action plan for smart village and smart ward were the focus areas. The TDP government was also launched and implemented the Janmabhoomi- MaaVooru(My village) programme etc.(The Hindu, Hyderabad, November 29, 2015). The present YSRCP government in this state is not implementing this programme.

IV. Impact of Janmabhoomi on Panchayati Raj Institutions

This part intends to analyse whether Janmabhoomi programme had undermined the Panchayati Raj institutions at the grass root level functioning. Before this, let us see briefly why Indian government taken initiative and introduced Panchayat system in India. It is a matter of fact that India's development strategy in the early 1950s was central planning, without taken much importance on Gandhian idea of Gram swaraj and most of the people lives in rural. After that, Indian government realized that, there should be an institution at the grassroots level for the people's participation at the local level. Moreover, CH Hanumantha Rao rightly pointed out that, "in India the concern for decentralized planning is as old as planning itself²¹.

Indian government had inaugurated Community Development projects in 1952. After that BalwantRai Mehta team was appointed in 1957. The later recommended constitution of statutory elective local bodies with the necessary resources, power and authority developed on them and a decentralized local administrative system working under their control, which became the genesis of the Panchayati Raj system introduced in the country²². Nehru also felt that "democracy at the top would not be a success, unless it was built from below". By 1959, all the states passed panchayat Acts, and by the mid-1960s panchayat had reached almost all parts of the country.

Panchayati Raj System was also introduced mainly to achieve with the following major objectives.²³

a) To secure the maximum participation of people in socio-economic development of the country,

b) To decentralize the administrative apparatus down to village level and to enable the rural population to participate in decision making process, and

c) To carry democratic process and local self government institutions to rural areas.

Above objectives clearly reveals that Panchayati Raj in india is a system of local self-government by which the people in rural areas have taken on themselves the responsibilities for their socio-economic development. Basically, it is thus an arrangement of participation of people in the administration of local affairs.

However, in 1993 a giant leap was made, when 73rd constitutional amendments were enacted under the leadership of Mr. P.V. Narasimha Rao government at the centre, which gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions²⁴. The main features of these amendments were as follows²⁵

· Panchayats would be institutions of self government.

· There should be three-tier system of panchayats at village, intermediate block/taluk and District levels.

· Every panchayat should have uniform five year term elections, which would be compulsorily held within six months etc.

For a variety of reasons, this bold experiment was only partially successful. These institutions had been allowed to stagnate. Elections were not held regularly and often they were superseded for long periods. The main reasons for non satisfactory performance of gram panchayats were: lack of community spirit and collective will, groupism, and party politics, lack of adequate financial resources and so on. Lack of substantial participation of people particularly absence or representation of weaker sections and women in some state. Whatever the criticism, there is no doubt that this system is fairly successful and most of the central rural development schemes were also implementing through these institutions.

When we talk of Andhra Pradesh Panchayati Raj System, the state congress regime had adopted three-tier panchayat system soon after the BalwantRai Mehta recommendation. When TDP government came to power, it implemented the five-tier panchayati raj instead of three-tier system. The five tiers are known as village panchayat, Mandal Praja Parishad, Zilla Parishad, Mandal Parishad Territorial constituency (MPTC) and Zilla Parishad Territorial Constituency (ZPTC) members. There was a unhappiness that the newly created MPTC and ZPTC members had only ornamental positions without any powers. It is very clear that there was a local self-government through panchayati raj existing in the state and most of the central rural development schemes were also implemented by these institutions. So what is the need of creating parallel programmes like Janmabhoomi and self-help groups in the 1990s.

If we see the difference between unique Janmabhoomi and panchayati Raj, Janmabhoomi was a more decentralized programme, because in Janmabhoomi, all small-scale public works in rural areas would be planned, prioritized and executed by people themselves through shramadanam (voluntary labour) and they also bear a portion of the cost. The guiding principle was that there are to be no contractors. Funds allotted by the government and contributed by the people are to be used judiciously without compromising on quality²⁶ whereas in Panchayat Raj, the powers are distributed among five tier or three-tier system. For example, the village sarpanch arrogated all powers of the panchayat to himself. He had over shadowed the panchayat as an institution. The other members of the panchayat hardly took any interest to ensure its smooth functioning. Most of the programmes were decided by elected members and did not involve the people. Moreover, Naidu speaks frankly of 'people's direct participation in governance being different from representative democracy"²⁷.

On the other hand, there was a criticism that Janmabhoomi undermining panchayat functions. The funds that accrued out of central allocations for rural development under Jawahar Rojgar Yojana, and others (the central funds are supposed to be spent through local panchayat institutions) are said to have been diverted to Janmabhoomi programme. Moreover, the World Bank also encourages its loan amounts to be spent through Janmabhoomi and other related programmes rather than local panchayat institutions²⁸.

Another criticism was that, under the Janmabhoomi programme a series of committees consisting of self-help groups have come into operation : village education committees, health committees, vana-samrakshana samitis, water users associations, DWCRA groups, CMEY youth groups and people's councils (local stake holders committees). Many of these committees are not representative bodies. Moreover these committees have systematically usurped the functions constitutionally entrusted to panchayats.

The 73rd constitutional amendment has placed 29 items ranging from primary education, health, environment and water to electricity, in Article 243 G of 11th schedule of the constitution of india to strengthen the panchayat system. The local representative institutions have come under severe attack by the government in AP essentially in two manifested forms: a parallel set of institutions have been built around Janmabhoomi in the name of making people the centre of development but ironically, without any representative character, and drying up financial resources of panchayats and strengthening the hands of local bureaucratic machinery in disbursing the funds under Janmabhoomi. Besides, the government of AP has transferred only 16 items, mostly insignificant, as against 29 items that 73rd amendment prescribes, to panchayats²⁹.

G. Haragopal and G. Sudarshanam also believed that Janmabhoomi has undermined the panchayats. According to them, in bypassing the elected rural local bodies- gram panchayats, mandal parishads and zilla parishads. This new Janmabhoomi programme has proved to be no different from the various special schemes and projects of the union and state governments for rural development and the MPs and MLAs Area Development Scheme. It therefore, violates the spirit, if not the letter of the 73rd constitutional Amendment which gives a pivotal place to these bodies in planning and implementing programmes of economic and social development in the villages"³⁰. However, many panchayat functionaries in AP also felt that the Janmabhoomi has resulted in an unnecessary duplication of their work. What the panchayats should do was being carried out at initiation and under the super vision of government bodies starting form the chief minister's office in Hyderabad.

CONCLUSION:

To conclude this paper, it can be observed that TDP government had adopted a World Bank 1990s strategy of people-centered approach through Janmabhoomi to develop the rural poor. This clearly shown a drastic policy shift under the Janmabhoomi in the history of rural development programmes in india. The TDP government also failed to institutionalize this programme in order to get popular participation as well as all political parties support. It is also observed that Janmabhoomi had undermined the Panchayati Raj Institutions during economic reforms period in the state. In order to avoid this conflict, the state government should had operationalised Janmabhoomi in association with the Panchayati Raj Institutions in the state. The TDP government was also not fully successfully implemented the Janmabhoomi programme during the 5 years of its tenure from 2014 to 2019, which has resulted the defeat of this party in this state’s last assembly election held in 2019.

REFERENCE:

1. Mathur Kuldeep, (ed.), Development Policy and Administration, Sage Publication, Delhi, 1996, p. 186

2. Goel S.L. and Rajneesh Shalini, Panchayati Raj in India: Theory and Practice, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 2003, p. 69.

3. Hanumantha Rao V., Acharya N.K. and Swaminathan M.C. (ed.), Andhra Pradesh at 50: A Data Based Analysis, Data News Features Publishers, Hyderabad, 1998, p.555.

4. Ranga Rao, S.P., "Janmabhoomi: A Programme for Good Governance", Indian Journal of Public Administration, 1998, vol. XXIV (3), July-September, p. 577.

5. Ibid., p. 577.

6. Krishna Reddy G., "New populism and liberalization: Regime Shift under Chandrababu Naidu in Andhra Pradesh", Economic and Political Weekly, 2002, vol. xxvii, March 2, p. 875.

7. Harshe Rajen and Srinivas C., "Vote for Development, How Sustainable", Economic and Political Weekly, 1999, vol. xxxiv, October 30, p. 3105.

8. Ayyangar, SriKrishna, "Janmabhoomi Meetings in Two Villages", Economic and Political Weekly, 2003, October 18, p.4426.

9. Government of Andhra Pradesh, "Janmabhoomi (A People's Movement)", Planning Wing Department, Hyderabad, pp. 6-11.

10. Government of Andhra Pradesh, "Janmabhoomi: Operational Guidelines", Planning Wing Department, Hyderabad, pp. 17-33.

11. Ibid., no. 6, p. 876.

12. Ibid., no. 6, p. 875.

13. Ibid., no. p. 876.

14. Ibid, no.6, p.873.

15. The Hindu, May 4, 1997, Chennai, p.6.

16. The Hindu, January 26, 1997, Chennai, p.6.

17. The Hindu, August 4, 1997, Chennai, p.6.

18. The Hindu, August 2, 1997, Chennai, p.6.

19. The Hindu, January 5, 1997, Chennai, p.5.

20. The Hindu, January 9, 1999, Chennai, p.6.

21. Hanumantha Rao, C.H., "Decentralised Planning: An Overview of Experience and Prospects, Economic and Political Weekly, 1989, Vol.XXIV, No.8, February 25, p.411.

22. Ibid, p.411.

23. Diwan G.R., "Peoples' participation in Decentralised Planning", Indian Journal of Regional Science, 2002, Vol.XXXIV, November 1, p19.

24. Narayana E.A., "Panchayati Raj and Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes" in Joshi, R.P. (ed.), Constitutionalization of Panchayati Raj: A reassessment, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 1998, p.103.

25. Mathew George, "Panchayati Raj in India" in Mathur Kuldeep (ed.), Development Policy and Administration, Sage Publications, Delhi, 1996, p.219.

26. Bhagat Rasheeda, "Testing out a development project", Frontline, 1997, December 25, p.46.

27. Chandrababu, Naidu, N. & Sevanti Ninan, Plain Speaking N. Chandrababu Naidu with Sevanti Ninan, Viking Publications, New Delhi, 2000, p.200.

28. Ibid, No.6, p.877.

29. Ibid, No.6, p.878.

30. Hargopal G. & Sudarshanam G., "Panchayati Raj in Andhra Pradesh: An Appraisal", Kurukshetra, 2001, Vol.49, No.9, June, p.47. & I, https://www.apjanmabhoomi.org, dated on 14/08/2019. II, The Hindu, Hyderabad, November 29, 2015, Internet.

Received on 16.08.2019 Modified on 04.09.2019

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(4): 1105-1112.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00182.7