I. INTRODUCTION:

Public recruitment is the cornerstone of personnel administration in all political systems. The Higher Civil Service (HCS) of a country necessarily plays a more or less decisive role in shaping its ultimate destiny. This is particularly true in the case of past developing societies like India, where it has been viewed as a central institution since time immemorial. The HCS is the executive agency or action arm of India state and as such is engaged in implementing its policies and decisions. In addition, it is the accredited adviser of the political executive advising it on policy making. The higher civil servants in India are recruited by an independent agency known as the Union Public Service Commission¹.

The Civil Service is the permanent professional branches of India’s administration, excluding military as well as judicial branches and elected politicians².

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) was established under an article 315 of the Constitution of India³. The UPSC is a constitutional body, which has been mandated the responsibilities of making recruitment by conduct of competitive examinations as well as selection through interviews, advising on the suitability of officers for appointment on promotion and transfer-on-deputation, advising the Government on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to various services, framing and amendment of recruitment rules, disciplinary cases relating to various Civil Services, miscellaneous matters relating to grant of extra-ordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal expenses etc, advising the Government on any matter referred to the Commission by the President of India as well as on the request of the Governor of a State, to serve all or any of the needs of a State relating to recruitment with the approval of the President. In order to fulfil its constitutional obligations, the Commission is supported by Officers/Staff broadly known as Secretariat of the Commission, which is headed by the Secretary. The Administration Branch of the Commission is entrusted with the functions of administering the Secretariat of the Commission as well as looking after the personal matters of Chairman/Members and other Officers/ Staff of the Commission⁴.

In the Constitution of India, part XIV deals ‘Services under the Union and the States’. Under this, chapter II deals with ‘Public Service Commissions’. In this, articles from 315 to 323 deals Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and States Public Service Commissions. Article 315 says that Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States in India. Moreover, this article says that Subject to the provisions of this article, there shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State (2) Two or more States may agree that there shall be one Public Service Commission for that group of States and if a resolution to that effect is passed by the House or where there are two Houses, by each House of the Legislature of each of those States, Parliament may by law provide for the appointment of a Joint State Public Service Commission (referred to in this Chapter as Joint Commission) to serve the needs of those States (3) Any such law as aforesaid may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as may be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the purposes of the law (4) The Public Service Commission for the Union, if requested so to do by the Governor(Inserted by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 11 (w.e.f. 5-10-1963) of a State, may with the approval of the President agree to serve all or any of the needs of the State (5) References in this Constitution to the UPSC or a State Public Service Commission shall unless the context otherwise requires be construed as references to the Commission serving the needs of the Union or as the case may be, the State as respects the particular matter in question⁵.

The UPSC for recruiting the candidates for civil services is in the three-stage evaluation process such as preliminary exam, mains exam and interview. If we see the UPSC’s Civil Services Examination (CSE) 2021 notification, it revealed that the commission had notified the 19 posts (both group A and B). The group A include Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and Indian Police Service (IPS) etc and group B includes Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service, Group ‘B’ (Section Officer’s Grade) etc. The Civil Services examination will consist of two successive stages (1) Civil Services (Preliminary) examination (Objective type) for the selection of candidates for the main examination; and (2) Civil Services (Main) examination (Written and Interview) for the selection of candidates for the various Services and posts mentioned above. For writing examination, a candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have attained the age of 32 years on the 1st of August, 2021 i.e., the candidate must have been born not earlier than 2nd August, 1989 and not later than 1st August, 2000 except reservation categories. For IAS, IFS and IPS, a candidate must be a citizen of India only eligible.

The minimum educational qualification is a candidate must hold a degree of any discipline. As far as the number of attempts to write this exam is concerned, every candidate appearing at the examination who is otherwise eligible shall be permitted six attempts for this CSE. However, relaxation in the number of attempts will be available to the SC/ST/OBC and PwBD category candidates who are otherwise eligible⁶. The UPSC also recruits other higher posts in India as well. Before analyzing the role of UPSC through its functions for effective recruitment of higher civil services in India, it is appropriate to look at an evolution of UPSC by historical perspective.

II. Historical perspective of UPSC:

Before India’s independence, Civil Servants for the East India Company used to be nominated by the Directors of the Company and thereafter trained at Haileybury College in London and then sent to India. Following the Lord Macaulay’s report of the Select Committee of British Parliament, the concept of a merit based modern Civil Service in India was introduced in 1854.

This report recommended that patronage-based system of East India Company should be replaced by a permanent Civil Service based on a merit-based system with an entry through competitive examinations. For this purpose, a Civil Service Commission was set up in 1854 in London and competitive examinations were started in 1855⁷. Initially, the examinations for Indian Civil Service (ICS) were conducted only in London. Maximum age was 23 years and minimum age was 18 years. The syllabus was designed such that European classics had a predominant share of marks. All this made it difficult for Indian candidates to succeed in examination. Nevertheless, in 1864, the first Indian, Mr. Satyendranath Tagore, who was the brother of Mr. Rabindaranath Tagore succeeded. Three years later 4 other Indians have succeeded. Throughout the next 50 years, Indians petitioned for simultaneous examinations to be held in India without success because the British Government did not want many Indians to succeed and enter the ICS. It was only after the First World War and the Montagu Chelmsford reforms that this was agreed to⁸.

From 1922 onwards, the ICS Examination began to be held in India also. In fact, this was first held in Allahabad (present Prayagraj city in Uttar Pradesh (state) and later in Delhi with the setting up of the Federal Public Service Commission. The Examination in London continued to be conducted by the Civil Service Commission. Similarly, prior to independence superior police officers belonged to the Indian Imperial Police appointed by the Secretary of State by competitive examination. The first open competition for this service was held in England in June, 1893, and 10 top candidates were appointed as Probationary Assistant Superintendents of Police. Entry into Imperial Police was thrown open to Indians only after 1920 and the following year examinations for the service were conducted both in England and India. Indianisation of the police service continued to be very slow despite pronouncement and recommendations of the Islington Commission and the Lee Commission⁹.

Till 1931, Indians were appointed only against 20% of the total posts of Superintendents of Police. However, because of non-availability of the suitable European candidates, more Indians were appointed to the Indian Police from the year 1939 onwards. Regarding Forest Service, British India Government has started the Imperial Forest Department in 1864 and to organize the affairs of the Imperial Forest Department, Imperial Forest Service was constituted in 1867. From 1867 to 1885, the officers appointed to Imperial Forest Service were trained in France and Germany. Till 1905, they were trained at Coopers Hill in London. In 1920, it was decided that further recruitment to the Imperial Forest Service would be made by direct recruitment in England and India and by promotion from the provincial service in India. After independence, the Indian Forest Service was created in 1966 under All India Service Act 1951¹⁰.

Regarding Central Civil Services, the Civil Services in British India were classified as covenanted (top posts) and uncovenanted (lower posts) services on the basis of the nature of work, pay-scales and appointing authority. In 1887, the Aitchison Commission has recommended the reorganization of the services on a new pattern and divided the services into three groups such as Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate. The recruiting and controlling authority of Imperial services was the ‘Secretary of State’. Initially, mostly British candidates were recruited for these services. The appointing and controlling authority for Provincial services was the respective provincial government, which framed rules for these services with the approval of the Government of India¹¹.

With the passing of the Government of Indian Act 1919 by British Parliament, the Imperial Services headed by the Secretary of State for India were split into two such as All India Services and Central Services. The central services were concerned with matters under the direct control of the Central Government. Apart from the Central Secretariat, the more important of these services were the Railway Services, the Indian Posts, Telegraph Service, and the Imperial Customs Service. To some of these, the Secretary of State used to make appointments, but in the great majority of cases their members were appointed and controlled by the Government of India¹².

The origin of the Public Service Commission in India is found in the first dispatch of the Government of India on the Indian Constitutional reforms on the 5th March, 1919 which referred to the need for setting up some permanent office charged with the regulation of service matters. This concept of a body intended to be charged primarily with the regulation of service matters found a somewhat more practical shape in the Government of India Act, 1919. The Section 96(C) of this Act provided for the establishment in India of a Public Service Commission which should “discharge, in regard to recruitment and control of the Public Services in India, such functions as may be assigned thereto by rules made by the Secretary of State in Council”¹³.

After passing of the Government of India Act, 1919, in spite of a prolonged correspondence among various levels on the functions and machinery of the body to be set up, no decision was taken on setting up of the body. The subject was then referred to the Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India (also known as Lee Commission). The Lee Commission, in their report in the year 1924, recommended that the statutory Public Service Commission contemplated by the Government of India Act, 1919 should be established without delay. The subsequent to the provisions of Section 96(C) of the Government of India Act, 1919 and the strong recommendations made by the Lee Commission in 1924 for the early establishment of a Public Service Commission, it was on October 1st, 1926 that the Public Service Commission was set up in India for the first time. It consisted of four Members in addition to the Chairman. Sir Ross Barker, a member of the Home Civil Service of the United Kingdom was the first Chairman of the Commission¹⁴.

The functions of the Public Service Commission were not laid down in the Government of India Act, 1919, but were regulated by the Public Service Commission (Functions) Rules, 1926 framed under sub-section (2) of Section 96(C) of the Government of India Act 1919. Further, the Government of India Act, 1935 has envisaged a Public Service Commission for the Federation and a Provincial Public Service Commission for each Province or group of Provinces.

Therefore, in terms of the provisions of the Government of India Act 1935 (passed by the British parliament) and with its coming into effect on 1st April, 1937, the Public Service Commission became the Federal Public Service Commission. After India’s independence from British, with the inauguration of the Constitution of India in January 26th, 1950, the Federal Public Service Commission came to be known as the Union Public Service Commission and the Chairman and Members of the Federal Public Service Commission became Chairman and Members of the Union Public Service Commission by virtue of Clause (1) of Article 378 of the Indian Constitution¹⁵. Moreover, after independence, the framers of Indian constitution accepted the need for an independent UPSC and strived to reach a consensus on its composition and role¹⁶.

III. Functions of UPSC in India:

A) Constitutional Provisions:

The UPSC functions as per the following constitution of India’s provisions. These are analysed below.

Article 320 of the constitution of India says that ‘Functions of Public Service Commissions’. This has included the UPSC also. Moreover, this article has mentioned the following functions for UPSC. (1) It shall be the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of the State respectively. (2) It shall also be the duty of the Union Public Service Commission, if requested by any two or more States so to do, to assist those States in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services for which candidates possessing special qualifications are required (3) The Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission, as the case may be, shall be consulted— (a) on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts; (b) on the principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and posts and in making promotions and transfers from one service to another and on the suitability of candidates for such appointments, promotions or transfers; (c) on all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State in a civil capacity, including memorials or petitions relating to such matters; (d) on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served under the Government of India or the Government of a State or under the Crown in India or under the Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India, or, as the case may be, out of the Consolidated Fund of the State; (e) on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State or under the Crown in India or under the Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, and any question as to the amount of any such award, and it shall be the duty of a Public Service Commission to advise on any matter so referred to them and on any other matter which the President, or, as the case may be, the Governor of the State, may refer to them¹⁷.

Provided that the President as respects the all-India services and also as respects other services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union, and the Governor, as respects other services and posts in connection with the affairs of a State, may make regulations specifying the matters in which either generally, or in any particular class of case or in any particular circumstances, it shall not be necessary for a Public Service Commission to be consulted. (4) Nothing in clause (3) shall require a Public Service Commission to be consulted as respects the manner in which any provision referred to in clause (4) of article 16 may be made or as respects the manner in which effect may be given to the provisions of article 335. (5) All regulations made under the proviso to clause (3) by the President or the Governor of a State shall be laid for not less than fourteen days before each House of Parliament or the House or each House of the Legislature of the State, as the case may be, as soon as possible after they are made, and shall be subject to such modifications, whether by way of repeal or amendment, as both Houses of Parliament or the House or both Houses of the Legislature of the State may make during the session in which they are so laid¹⁸.

The UPSC cannot take up any function other than those specified in above mentioned article 320, unless such functions are conferred by article 321¹⁹.

So, article 321 says Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions. More over this article says that an Act made by Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of a State may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission as respects the services of the Union or the State and also as respects the services of any local authority or other body corporate constituted by law or of any public institution²⁰.

B) Functions of UPSC under its Divisions or branches in India:

The following are the functions, which UPSC functions directly through its divisions or its branches. These are analysed below.

1. Administration:

The Administration branch deals with establishment and personal matters of Chairman/ Members and Officers and other employees of the Secretariat of the Commission. While the service conditions of Chairman and Members are governed in accordance with the provisions contained in UPSC (Members) Regulations, 1969, the same in respect of other Officers and staff of the Secretariat of UPSC are governed by a separate set of Rules known as UPSC (Staff) Regulations, 1958. The main items of work dealt with Administration branch are as under: 1) Creation of posts, framing/amendment of Recruitment Rules for all the Ex. Cadre posts/matter regarding UPSC (Members) Regulations, 1969/matter regarding UPSC (Staff) Regulation, 1958/Warrant of Precedence, 2) Personnel matters of Chairman/Members and other officers/staff of the Secretariat, 3) Preparation of annual budget/pay bills/matter related to audit, 4) Coordination and compilation work of all the applications received under RTI Act, 2005, 5) Recording and maintenance of Annual Performance Appraisal Reports of officers/staff of the Secretariat and 6) Allocation of subjects among various Branches/work study/modernization of office/monitoring of public grievances under CPGRAMS/prevention of sexual harassment of women at work places²¹.

2. All India Services (AIS):

The AIS branch is primarily concerned with the promotions to the three All India Services viz. IAS, IPS, and IFS. The main items of work handled by the AIS branch are as follows: 1)Promotions of State Service officers to the IAS, IPS and IFS, 2) Selection of Non-State Civil Service officers for appointment to the IAS under the IAS (Appointment by Selection) Regulations, 1997, 3) Consequential Court Cases associated with the AIS promotions/selections, 4) Policy matters relating to All India Services and amendments in the Promotion Regulations, 5) The All India Services Cadre Rules provide for consultation with the Commission in the matter of appointment of State Service officers to the AIS Cadre posts if such appointment is made for a period exceeding six months²².

3. Appointments:

It mainly deals 2 functions. The first one is appointment by promotion. Under this, the Appointment Branch receives proposals from various Ministries/Departments/Union Territories and from certain local bodies under Art. 321 of the Constitution for convening meetings of the DPC to consider selection of officers for promotion in respect of posts mandated under its purview. DPC meetings are held in UPSC in accordance with the instructions issued by Govt. i.e. the DOPandT²³. The second one is Appointment by Deputation/Absorption. The difference between Deputation (ISTC) and Absorption is that When an officer is appointed from outside the cadre or from outside the direct line of promotion for a limited period by the end of which he will have to revert to his parent cadre, he is known to be on deputation or on short-term contract. The term deputation is used when officers from Central Government Departments, State Government or Union Territories are considered for appointment. Short-term contract is also in the nature of deputation and this method is followed when services of suitable officers belonging to Non-government Organizations, e.g. Universities, Recognized Research Institutions, Public Sector Undertakings etc., are required for appointment to Teaching, Research, Scientific or Technical posts. When an officer working outside the cadre or outside the direct line of promotion is regularly absorbed in the post/grade, the post is treated as having been filled by the method of absorption.

In cases where the field of promotion consists of only one post, the method of recruitment by deputation (including short-term contract)/promotion is prescribed so that the departmental officer holding the feeder post is considered along with outsiders who have applied for appointment on deputation basis. This method is known as the Composite Method. If the departmental candidate is selected for appointment to the post, the post is to be treated as having been filled by promotion; otherwise the post is filled by deputation/short-term contract for the prescribed period of deputation/ short-term contract at the end of which the departmental officer is again afforded an opportunity to be considered for appointment to the post²⁴.

4. Examination:

The Examination Branch of the Commission conducts various direct recruitment Examinations and departmental examinations. The Examination process includes the activities like publication of the Examination Notice on the basis of the rules of the Examination notified by the Government, accepting the online application form from candidates, arrangement of examination at various centres across the country etc. The application forms are invited through online mode only²⁵.

5. General:

It deals the functions such as 1) Security of office, inspection and follow-up action, 2) Residential accommodation for Chairman and Members. Procurement of furniture and furnishing, 3) Procurement/maintenance of material, equipments, services, hardware/ software, LAN, OMR Scanners and Image Scanners, Photocopier Machines, Lamination Machines, Binding machines, Fax Machines, Paper Shredders, Calculators and Punching Machines, etc., OMR Answer sheets, Pre-printed computer Stationery, etc, 4) Oracle database and stationery items, 5) Group ‘D’ staff posting, transfer, etc, 6) Work relating to Advisers’ Suites, 7) Arrangement of Night duty Clerks and MTS at Reception, Advisers’ suites on Holidays/ Sundays, 8) Disposal of condemned stores of the entire office, 9) Staff Car Unit, 10) Work related to hosting of UPSC website, 11) Maintenance of the EPABX Exchange, 12) Supply of printed application forms, scanning and processing of application forms, 13) Annual Contract for Booking/dispatch/clearance of boxes carrying examination material of UPSC through Railway, 14) Booking of Examination Halls of UPSC for various examinations to outside agencies, 15) Printing of Annual Report of UPSC, Newsletter of PSCs (Half yearly), Hand Book of Civil Services (Preliminary) Examinations, D.O. Letters, etc, 16) Cleanliness, additions, alteration and repairs. Liaison with CPWD for civil and electrical works, 17) Liaison with Horticulture Wing, CPWD regarding lawn, indoor plants, outdoor plants, crockery, floral arrangements etc, 18) Electricity and water supply maintenance, 19) Maintenance and checking of fire-fighting equipments, organizing mock drills, 20) Maintenance/repair and polishing of steel/wooden furniture, 21) Maintenance/repairs of air conditioners, Central cooling plants, 22) Arrangement for conduct of Examinations, 23) Arrangement for holding in-house functions in the Commission and 24) Work relating to Departmental canteen²⁶.

6. Recruitment:

The recruitment by selection is made by any of methods of (i) By interview only (ii) By Recruitment Test (RT) followed by Interview. Most of the recruitment is handled by Recruitment Branch by interview only. RT is generally resorted to when the number of posts is 15 or more and number of applicants is also high or when some skill or proficiency of the candidates is also to be assessed. The recruitment process is set in motion once a requisition for filling up vacancies in the concerned Ministries/Departments is received in the Commission’s Office. The main stages involved in the selection of candidates are as under a) Receipt of requisition from the concerned Ministries/Departments for recruitment to a post, processing of the requisition, framing of advertisement and its publication. b) Receipt of applications online from candidates c) Scrutiny of applications received from candidates in response to the advertisement within the closing date. d) Finalization/ Shortlisting of the candidates to be called for interview. e) Interview and f) Recommendation²⁷.

The shortlisting is based on criteria fixed by the Commission. In the first instance, all the candidates who fulfil minimum eligibility in respect of age, educational qualifications and experience (wherever required) are short-listed. If this number is high and it is not possible to call all of them for interview, the Commission further shortlists the candidates on the basis of some suitable shortlisting criteria as may be fixed by the Commission. Though this may vary from case to case depending on merits, the Commission generally prefer to call candidates with higher experience in the relevant fields or candidates with higher educational qualification as the case may be. The purpose of shortlisting candidates is to restrict to a reasonable limit, the number of candidates to be called for interview keeping in view the number of posts available at a time, the number of candidates satisfying the Essential Qualifications and other conditions prescribed. In order to rationalize the time of the Interview Boards and also to reasonably restrict the number of candidates to be called for interview, a set of norms have been adopted with the approval of the Commission which are indicated below: For one post Up to 12 candidates, For 2-3 posts Up to 24 candidates, For 4-6 posts Up to 36 candidates, For 7-9 posts Up to 48 candidates, For 10 posts and above Up to 50 candidates or above (5 times the number of posts)²⁸.

In bulk recruitment cases where there is a written test not more than 3 candidates who would be qualified on the basis of written test are called for interview for each post. This ratio would serve only as a general guideline and in each case decision is to be taken by the Commission depending upon the merits of the case. After the candidates to be called for interview have been finalized, summon letters are sent to the candidates asking them to report to the Commission’s Office for interview on the prescribed date and time. Once the interviews are over, steps are taken to finalize the Interview Board Report. After the selection is approved by the Commission, the decision is conveyed to the Ministry/Department and also to the candidate/candidates recommended for appointment. The result is also published in the Employment News. A reserve list of candidates to the post is also maintained, wherever available, by the Commission to meet any contingency for replacement of selected candidates, if the need arises²⁹.

7. Recruitment Rules:

This branch is mandated to evaluate proposals received from certain Autonomous Organizations like EPFO, ESIC, DJB NDMC and Municipal Corporations(s) of Delhi in the Commission for framing and amendment of Recruitment and Service Rules for various Group A and Group B posts in the Government of India. Besides, the branch also evaluates proposals for determination of One- time Mode of Recruitment for newly created posts, which do not have notified Recruitment Rules in position³⁰.

8. Services I:

This branch deals with the following types of disciplinary case: 1) Where the President proposes to pass an original order imposing one of the prescribed penalties, 2) Where the President is to make an order on an appeal preferred against an order imposing a penalty made by a sub-ordinate authority, 3) Where the President proposes to overrule or modify after consideration of any petition or memorial or otherwise an order made by him or by a subordinate authority imposing a penalty and 4) Where the President proposes to impose any of the prescribed penalties, in exercise of his powers of review in cases where no penalty has been imposed. However, consultation with UPSC is first to give an assurance to the Services that a wholly independent body, not directly concerned with the making of orders adversely affecting public servants, has considered the action proposed to be taken against a particular public servant with an open mind and secondly, to afford the Government unbiased advice and opinion on matters vitally affecting the morale of public servants. The cases relating to officers belonging to All India Services are examined in the light of the All-India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1969 and instructions issued thereunder. The rules provide inter-alia for consultation with the Commission both by the State Government and by the Central Government³¹.

9 Services II:

This division or branch deals the functions such as 1) Consultation with the Commission/Questions relating to Exemption Regulation/Extension of function of UPSC 2) Age Concessions and Reservations 3) Seniority 4) Service Matters 5) Extra-ordinary pension 6) Legal reimbursement 7) Annual Report of the Commission – Compilation, Printing and Distribution 8) Compilation of Material for inclusion in the Annual Report of DoP and T 9) Annual Report of State Public Service Commissions 10) Correspondence with State Public Service Commissions/Holding of National Conference of State PSCs 11) Visits of Foreign Delegations/Chairman/ Members/Officers of State Public Service Commissions 12) Correspondence relating to SAARC Conference/ Holding of SAARC Conference of PSCs of SAARC Countries and 13) MoUs with Foreign Countries³². However, the commission as a recruitment agency, talent hunting is the its most important function³³.

IV. CONCLUSION:

After UPSC’s recruitment process, the Jobs securities are there for the civil servants persons till their respective jobs retirement. The higher civil services jobs like IAS, IPS are highly respectful, powerful and glamorous central government jobs in India. The commission has been doing its best job for recruitment of meritorious, talented and suitable candidates only for the higher civil services in India. It is indispensable for the UPSC with an approval of the concerned Government of India has to stick with Indian nationals only eligible not only for the presently available IAS, IPS and IFS posts but also for all the rest of group A and all Group B civil services posts recruitment purpose. This means that UPSC should not allow the foreign nationals to appear for UPSC’s examinations. This will be very good for the people of India.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

This article is a slightly revised article, earlier this paper was presented by author at an International Conference on 'Commerce, Management, and Interdisciplinary Subjects' was held from 28 to 29, October, 2021 by an online mode. This was organized by the Department of Commerce and International Business, School of Business Studies (Central University of Kerala) in association with its IQAC, IEDC and CUKAA.

V. REFERENCES:

1. SR Maheshwari(2006), Public Administration in India: The Higher Civil Service, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, p.75

2. https://www.google.com/,accessed on 08-10-2021

3. Bidyut Chakrabarty and Prakash Chand(2016), Indian Administration: Evolution and Practice, New Delhi, Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, p.137.

4. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/administration/introduction, accessed on 07-10-2021.

5. Government of India(2020), ‘The Constitution of India(As on 9th December,2020)’, Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department, Retrieved from https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf, accessed on 07-10-2021, p.130.

6. https://www.upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notice-CSP-2021-Engl-04032021N.pdf, p.14, accessed on 13-10-2021

7. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/historical-perspective, p.1, accessed on 07-10-2021.

8. Ibid

9. Ibid

10. Ibid

11. Ibid, no.7, p.2

12. Ibid

13. Ibid

14. Ibid

15. Ibid

16. Ramesh K Arora and Rajni Goyal(1995), Indian Public Administration: Institutions And Issues, New Delhi, New Age International(P) Limited, p.489.

17. Ibid, no.5, p.133

18. Ibid

19. Ibid, no.16, p.493.

20. Ibid, no.17

21. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/administration/functions,accessed on 07-10- 2021.

22. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/all-india-services-ais- branch/functions, accessed on 07-10-2021.

23. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/appointments/functions/appointment- promotion, accessed on 08-10-2021.

24. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/appointments/appointment- deputation absorption, accessed on 08-10-2021.

25. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/examination/functions, accessed on 08- 10-2021

26. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/general-branch/functions,accessed on 08-10- 2021

27. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/recruitment/functions,p.1,accessed on 08-10- 2021.

28. Ibid, p.2

29. Ibid

30. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/recruitment-rules/functions, p.1, accessed on 13-10-2021.

31. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/services-1/functions,accessed on 13-10- 2021.

32. https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/services-ii/functions-services-ii- branch, accessed on 13-10-2021

33. Ibid, no.16, p.500.

Received on 29.03.2022 Modified on 10.05.2022

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2022;13(3):201-207.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2022.00032