INTRODUCTION:

The current trend in professional social work is playing a significant role with the persons who are suffering from stress; tension anxiety and other psycho-social problem. This problem has been developing in 21^st century due to privatization as well as the globalization in developing countries like the India; Sri-Lanka; Pakistan as well as Bangladesh etc. In these counties, the working employed in private sectors always hanging the sword over the head.

The resin behind it they could be expelled at any time from the job. Therefore, they are suffering from free floating anxiety; depression; stress and tension also. Moreover, globalization is invisible in every places and truly global phenomenon. Development and globalization throughout the world in the last two three decades has challenged the way of life (Shahre and Rahiman, 2019). It has affected our family system resulting joint family system has been converted into nuclear family system. It is not end of this but individuality has been developed in the nuclear family system. It is part and partial of the new conventional norm in contemporary society due to global impact in 21^st century. The consequences of these alarming changes suggested the following outline in the descriptive form about the current institutional pattern of family relationships. (Gillin, John Lewis et. al., 1948).

1. Attitudes and Behavior:

a) Single standard: what is right for man is right for woman

b) Attitude of tolerance towards premarital sex activity and, to a lesser extent, towards adultery, but the majority refrains from either of them

c) Sex activity regarded as a value in itself, which can be separated from childbearing and rearing

d) Woman expected to participate with man outside the home as well as in it in social activities; emphasis upon companionship

e) Women’s work outside the home tolerated or even expected, at least during early years of married life, woman no longer looked upon as household drudge only; reciprocally; woman no longer invariably expects entire economic support from husband

2. Symbolic Traits:

a) Costume differentiation of the married from the unmarried tending to disappear;

b) importance attached to the wedding ring declining; at least, if the ring cannot be afforded, couples will often marry even without it;

c) twin beds symbolic of independence and equality of individuals in marriage;

d) various symbolic traits of wedding ceremony such as cake, celebration of customs, flowers, etc. tending to be regarded as superfluous; and

e) tolerance for divorce

3. Utilitarian Traits:

a. Contraceptive apparatus increasingly used in marriage;

b. dwelling becoming smaller and more compact, laborsaving devices for household work tending to become regular part of equipment, apartment, kitchenette, folding beds, etc. not unusual for urban couples during early years of married life; and

c. increasing use of professional laundry, bakery, cleaner, etc. replacing equipment for work which was formerly performed by the wife of home

4. Traditional and Ritual:

a. Decline in rituals and rites and elaborate wedding ceremonies in general;

b. liberalization of marriage laws in regard to property, divorce, and rights of woman; tightening of marriage laws regarding mental and physical fitness of bride and groom;

c. substation of informal honeymoon for ritualized honeymoon; and

d. more liberal divorce laws

5. Objectives of Marriage still Phrased as:

a. Romantic happiness, but tendency towards more realistic understanding of elements of successful living together (this tendency not very widespread, however); and

b. social objective still the formation of family or procreation

These changes are different from the norms of 19^th century at that time there was joint family system and all family members jointly celebrated tradition festival according to the conventional norm as well as family set-up by the head of the family. These changes bring into forms of new convention norms in our society also due to impact of globalization, liberalization and privatization in our society. Sociologically speaking, the cross cultural factors are also supposed to bind to shake off the whole social institution (composed of social norms) of our social system. Simultaneously, the concept of money worship society is being developed, which binds people to follow slowly but surely these norms in the families. But it has not been dominated in comparison to the norms of authoritarianship; even the new norms have been colliding with the old norms of the families. When we will compare these norms of 19^th century with the norms of 21st century, it is just reverse to each other’s (Deman, Dinesh, 2008) which shows in Table on the next page of the script of the article. The reason behind it is that the authoritarian people have apprehension that any change presages the dissolution of the family as an institution. But in some instances whenever, people look back to the good old norms, they always feel better than the current family relationships; similarly sometimes they feel just reverse in some of the situations of family pattern. However, the change is a natural process; therefore, it is a universal truth. For example, in our society parents select their children’s mates. Now, young people in our society insist on selecting their own and indignantly reject help from and choice of parents. Although, the family feels little bit danger but after sometimes it could be ever disappears” (Bernard et. al., 1970). The Hindu law clearly emphasizes the importance of the joint family in the area of marriage and inheritance (Sethi, 1982; 24). The Indian family system rests on the civilization of Indus valley, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa derives its notion and values from Indian mythology literature, particularly Rig -Vads and law of Manu. But it has been dominated in comparison of the new norms of the family. Sometimes these norms have been developed role confusion that which one is suitable for the family and individual or which one is not. Resulting person are facing mental health problems. For the management of this kind of problem they should follow the path away to professional social workers before to take the assistance of psychiatrists. Hence, the need of theoretical core of this article.

Table: Transformation of family from authoritarian system to one of co mpanionship. +

Family in 19^th Century (Old Norms)	The Family To-day in 21^st Century (New-Norms)
Patriarchal and authoritarian.	Tending to become individualistic and democratic but with many patriarchal survivals.
Multifunctional.	Procreation and personality function the only major Ones surviving.
Stable: little divorce.	Much less stable: much more frequently divorce.
Non-mobile family domicile rarely change.	Mobility greatly increased and domicile frequently changed.
Relatively large size many children and under the same roof.	Much smaller in size: fewer children: two relatives generation group only.
.Women in the home engaged in housekeeping and child-rearing.	Women frequently work outside the home.
Puritanical in sex matter: taboos on feminine sexuality; double standard little planned sex education adultery infrequent.	Increasing liberal on sex matters: feminine sex need admitted; tendency towards single standard of morality; formal sex education; increasing extra marital sex freedom.
Relative homogeneity in family type.	Greater variability in family type

+ From Sutherland, Robert L. and Woodward, Julian L. (1937). Introductory sociology, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., p. 540

Conceptual Frame Work of Professional Social Work:

Before to understanding about the professional social work, first we will have to understand the concept of social work. Social work is combination of the knowledge of psychology, sociology and counseling. It is providing to the suffering person with the problem of socio-psychological issues in the family as well as society. The concept of social work is a practice – based profession and academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion and the empowerment and libration of people (https://www.ifsw.org). It has objected to remove social injustice, to relieve distress, to prevent suffering and to assist the weaker section of society to rehabilitation themselves and their families. Prof. Sushil Chandra says “Social Work is a dynamic activity undertaken by public and private effort in the implementation of social policy, with a view to raise the standard of living and to bring about social, economic, political, and cultural well-being of the individual, family and the group within a society irrespective of its stage of social development (Social Work in Utter Pradesh, 1954). The International Federation of social work (IFSW) and the International school of social work (IASSW) emphasize social work to as follows:

A practice –based profession and an academic discipline that person’s social change and development, social cohesion and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human rights collective responsible and respect for diversities are control to social work. Theories of social work undermined social sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge. Social work engages people to address life challenges and enhance wellbeing (Shahare and Rahiman, 2019). Here, we could arise a question that whether social work, social welfare and social service they are same concept like the concept of social work? As the terms social work has not yet been clearly defined, the terms “social work”, social welfare and social service are used interchangeably. The Department of Social Welfare, United Nation points out: “The field of social welfare has not settled into fixed or uniform patterns, and is therefore resistant to clear cut definition. This fact is reflected in widespread confusion as to what constitutes qualified personnel and appropriate training. The frontiers of social welfare or social service or social work have been established beyond cavil (Tanning for Social Work, 1950). To this confusion two reasons are attributed: (1) Social welfare or social service or social work is, in each country, a dynamic activity that has grown out, and is constantly influenced by, evolving social, economic, political and cultural trends and for this very reason could acquire fixed meaning only at the price of failing to meet new situations, and (2) the term “social welfare” is used not only to describe certain specific activities but is often used synonymously with the term social policy to describe what, in some countries, is regarded as a central responsibility of the state, i. e. the provision and maintenance of an acceptable standard of social economic well-being for the entire population, which cut across the fields of health, education, labour, etc. (Madan, 1981). The part of Indian social work, they are concept of social welfare as Kalyan or Mangal; concept of love, duty or Dharma and Ahinsa, concept of detachment or Nish karma Karma; concept of self, self-help and Karma Theory, concept of social functioning and social consciousness (Pathak, 2014). It is explained the above mentioned terms which are interchangeably.

So far regarding professional social work is concerned, it is focused on problem solving and changes. As such, social workers are change agents in society and in the lives of individuals, families and communities they serve (Jacob, 2016). Social work utilizes variety of skills, techniques and activities consistent with its holistic focus on persons and their environments. Many professional social workers who run their own businesses are in private practice in mental health even use their professional skill for other business ventures. Professional social work interventions range from primarily person focused psycho – social process to involvement the person who is becoming degraded through his/her circumstances.

Current Trends In Professional Social Work:

Keeping up with current trends in professional social work means social works have to provide an invaluable support net work and also often be a crucial lifeline for those who need a helping hand to guide them through the stressful of their life. For these purpose professional social workers may be classified three types of professional social workers namely given are as below:

1. Macro social workers,

2. Masco social work and

3. Micro professional social workers.

Macro social workers deal with social work nationally and internally by making policies and sponsorship. Another type of Masco social workers handles social work with small organization, agencies and group. Lastly, Micro professional social workers are current trend work with individual and family (Jacob, 2016). It has focused by them only on family as well as individual burning issues in the modern society. They evaluate the family environment of the individual where he/she is living but suffering from family maladjustment, mental health issues, alcoholism and anti –social behaviorism etc. These problems have been solved or managed by micro professional social workers. They applied social case work or counseling (Pathak, 2014). Counseling is a form of psychological help providing by professional persons to people who need it in order to cope with their problems. Such help is offered in a face –to-face relationship through discussion between counselor and the counselee (Pathak, 2014). Professional social work practice apply the counseling model for the involvement of the patients (client) who are suffering from mental health problem after that the exploration of the problem like the maladjustment and other social issues related to family interpersonal relationship etc, understanding about the problem and line of action plane to solve the problem of the individual where he/she is living in the defective family environment by which they are suffering from mental health problem. One of the empirical studies reveals that 78.9% cases were suffering from social factors. Out of these, 54.2% cases were suffering from defective family environment. In defective family environment, constant ill-treatment of spouse was found to have caused mental illness in 7.9% of the cases, quarrels, 31.71% (with spouse in 11.6% of the cases, parents 9.3%, in-laws 3.4%, siblings 6.7% and others 0.8%), brother- law’s attempt to molest 0.8%, quarrel over dowary 1.4% and others factors 12.3% of the cases (Deman, 2006). Here, we could arise a question that how defective family environment develop the mental illness. One of the social case studies reveals that the relation between daughter-in-law and mother-in- law is hostile due to domestic routine work or house hold work, resulting in mental health problem. But it is depend on personality traits of individual. According to the American sociological theorist, Talcott Parsons: The function of the family… are not to be interpreted as functions directly on behalf of the society, but on behalf of personality …it is because the human – personality is not “born” but must be “made” through the socialization process that in the first instance family are necessary, They are factories which produce human personalities (Tuckett, David, 1967). In this context, it was found in reference to Ethno Methodological Orientation that if daughter- in-law wants to wake up at late hours in the morning as per routine habit at her parent’s home due to her personality pattern but her mother-in-law wants that she should be get up early in the morning. These two conventional norms are different from each of the persons, in this situation if both do not agree to make a compromise with two different situations, after that the daughter-in-law starts creating conflict with her in-laws and if she is unable to become successful in maintaining her own norms, she will lose her mental peace. In this context, it was found that such type of cases try to take help of section 498-A, added in 1983, make cruelty to a married women by her husband or in-laws (Gandhi, 1997). Keeping in view of this act she takes help of her parents and her parents consult to lawyer give up legal shape of the cruelty and dowry harassment etc. In this support most of the cases have been registered in police station but after depth investigation by the police officer it has been closed or FR (final repost) done by the concern officer.

But now a day, before the above exercised by the officer the complainant sent to counselor for the counseling of complainant to solve his or her problem. For this purpose the licensed holder professional social workers or clinical psychologist whatever available in particular state have been appointed at police station by the state government to dissolve the dispute of spouse as well as in-laws for the better management of social-psychological problem. Under the protection of women from domestic violence Act, 2005 the professional social workers are eligible to be appointed as protection officer and counselors. Counseling itself is a talk therapy in the field of professional social work. It is rapidly extended in an urban area. But it could not be ignored in the rural area. There is above mentioned problems have been solved supernatural faith healers in reference to traditional belief as they are playing the role of action counselor while the visit of suffering person to the faith healers for the short out their problem which has been converted into mental illness (Kharkwal, 2007). It shows that the traditional belief save the family from the stigma of family conflicts and mental illness.

Of course, it may be wrong in some cases but in my view it is sufficient to say that the non- affectionate environment in the families is emerging due to violation of conventional norms of the family as well as society by the daughter-in-law in case of parents-in-law as well as spouse. In order to make the affectionate environment of the family which is more important for the mental health, they should have passion to follow the role set and conventional norms of the family even by daughter-in-law if she is not earning in reference to Indian family set-up or to understand the concept of transformation of the convectional norms of the family which is going to be fast affected by the Indian social system. The concept of dharma, which is akin to the modern sociological concept of role, plays an important in this process. +. For the Intervention point of view, the family conflicts and other issues have been dissolved by the counselor through the action plane according to the counseling model. After this, the counselor will try to involve the counselee and change to his or her thinking, attitude and perception of the counselee (Clint) for the better adjustment with the family members. The following counseling model represented by the diagram.

Diagram

Here I = Involvement of the client (Counselee); E = Exploration of the problem; U = Understanding of the problem; A = Action plane: C = Change in client. If client feels some change in the thinking, attitude and perception of the social psychological issues of the family or individual then it will be existed from counseling model. Otherwise the counselee will again come into the counseling model. The counselee (client) will understand within 10 to 12 sessions of the counselor that how to play their role with the family members (Deman. 2011). After that he or she will managed all the issues by them self accordingly.

CONCLUSION:

To sum up, our theoretical core of this article that the current trends of professional social workers have focused on micro social worker for the management of family and individual issues which have been developed due to transformation of the joint family system into nuclear family system as well as emerging of the new conventional norms in the society. These norms slowly colliding with the old norms and develop conflict in the family and converted into legal forms and take assistance from police. Therefore, for the management of conflict the licensed holder counselors have been appointed at police station by the state government for the short out of the problem by counselor for the wellbeing of the family and individual in global perspective.

REFERENCES:

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15. Tuckett, David (1976). Medical Sociology, London, Tavistock Publications Limited.

16. + This points was originally made by William L. Rowe of Duke University in his paper “The Values, Ideology and Behavior of Emerging Indian élites” presented at a seminar in 1964.

Received on 29.05.2023 Modified on 04.07.2023

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2023; 14(4):174-178.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2023.00036