INTRODUCTION:

Public policy is a subdivision of the broader concept of policy. Policy means a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government, or a political party (https:// dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/policy). So, policy can be a public or a private. When we add public to policy, it means governmental policy. Public policy is part of public administration. Moreover, Public policy refers to the process of making organizational decisions and political, management, financial, and administrative policies to meet established goals. On the other hand, public administration is the study and use of government policy including both government and non-governmental management. These two different fields of study are inextricably linked and have converged over time (https://www.usief.org.in/pdf/Study_in_the_Us/Public-Policy-and-Administration.pdf).

Private institutions, organizations, companies, industries and private firms etc deal private policies mostly for the benefit and growth of themselves only. In contrast, a general public policy deals by a government for the whole people development in a State or a society. This is applicable to India as well for its development purpose. The field of a government public policy encompasses an operation of the political system as a whole in a state in the world (Peter John, 2012). The public policy is regarded as a government policy in a society.

However, public policy is normally conceived as government action to address some problem. The central focus is, as the old phrase has it, who gets what when and how. Public policy, in its most simple definition, is that which government does. So, public policy is regarded as the government policy. Policy is the end result of a complex decision-making system, encompassing many actors (Steven A. Peterson (2008), p.1632). James Anderson has defined the public policy in a more formally as “A relatively stable, purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern”. Another standard definition by Peters, who says that ‘‘public policy is the sum of government activities, whether acting directly or through agents, as it has an influence on the lives of citizens” (Steven A. Peterson (2008), p.1632).

It is very significant to recognize the notion of public for a discussion of public policy. We regularly use the words such as public interest, public sector, public opinion, public health and so on. The public policy has to does with which are labelled as the public, as contrasting to scopes concerning private. The measurements of public is usually mentioned as, public ownership or governor for public purpose in a state in India country. The term public contains all the measurements of human action observed as needing governmental involvement (http:// anucde.info/public%20policy.pdf).

In a Machiavellian sense, policy is the base of power. While bureaucracy derived it legitimacy from its claim to “State”, the politician claimed that their authority rested on the approval of their policies by the electorates. The authors Hogwood and Gunn have specified ten usages of the word policy as 1) A label for the field of activity 2) An expression of desired state of affairs 3) Specific proposals 4) The decision of governments 5) Formal authorization 6) A programmes 7) Output 8) Outcome 9) A theory or model and 10) A process (http://anucde.info/public%20policy.pdf). So, a political party, which promises to implement the policies through its election manifesto in a national parliament of India’s Lok Sabha or state assembly election purpose in India. For example, the BJP manifesto policy for the 2019 lok sabha election was considered as a successful one. After the 2019 Lok sabha election, the BJP came to the power at centre. Its central government under Prime Minister mr. Narendra Modi had implemented majority of the public policies of its manifesto mentioned policies for the development of India. Therefore, public policies are the policies accepted and executed by government bodies and officials. It is very much evident that public policy might take different procedures like legislation, executive orders or the official acts (http://anucde.info/ public%20policy.pdf).

Theories of public policy:

The review of four strands of public policy theories such as sociological policy theory, domestic regime theory, coalition theories and international systems theories have revealed that they do not exhaust the range of explanatory options but define variables that are especially relevant in "most similar systems" comparisons, such as between advanced capitalist democracies that share the same level of economic development, competitive party systems, and similar structures of consciousness and culture (Herbert Kitschelt, 1986). However, a simple way to connect the four theories of policy making and the four components of public policy patterns would be to propose a specific affinity to one aspect of public policy for each theory. Sociological policy theories seem to explain the constitution of interests and the mobilization of actors; regime theories explain the structure of specific policy arenas; coalition theories examine the process of policy formation; and international systems theory sheds light on the realization of objectives, as facilitated and constrained by the location of state actors in their international environment (Herbert Kitschelt, 1986).

However, as far as the significant trends in public policy is concerned, it revealed that to thrive and prosper in the future, not only must public policy programs strive to make themselves more effective, but they must also strive to be more relevant to the surrounding world. As the world changes, policy programs must assess and adapt their curricula accordingly. Peter deLeon and Toddi A. Steelman have suggested four important trends for public policy programs to consider in a state or a society. These are such as decentralized and interdependent authority, democracy and market economies as the dominant paradigm, eroding boundaries between public, private, and non profit sectors and finally technology as well as information revolution(Peter deLeon and Toddi A. Steelman, 2001).

Analysis of Distinction between Public and Private Policy:

Some analysts have argued that public policy speaks to decisions made by powerful actors that affect the lives of many people. These decisions have to be intentional and they must bind those people affected by the decisions; that is, once the decision is made, affected people must go along or suffer consequences (Steven A. Peterson (2008), p.1633). So, a state has to make good public policies without suffering its consequences. So, India has to adopt this type of good public policies in order to develop its country. Normally, those who study public policy restrict the definition to decisions made by government. The developing and under developed states make more public policies in their respective states than the private policies by non-government organizations or institutions in their same respective states. The private organizations are not responsible or accountable to the people regarding its policies. India is a developing country, so, it has to make more public policies for implementation in order to develop its country to became a developed country. If government businesses make public policy, then according to the democratic rules of the game they ought to be directly responsible and accountable to the people as well. Mark Nadel had argued that private corporations often make decisions that are intentional, binding, and affecting large numbers of people with respect to some tangible or symbolic allocation of goods or services (Steven A. Peterson (2008), p.1633). These private policies are mainly for profit making in nature. But they have to maintain good quality in order to provide goods and services to the people in India.

However, the major difference between a public and a private policy is that in a private policy under the private industry is owned and controlled by a private individual person or private group of persons. They act through their private policies mostly for the development of themselves only. They will give very little information about their policies to others (www.collinsdictionary.com). In fact, their policies are made behind the closed doors without much public accountability. For example, India’s one of the major private industry is Reliance Industries Limited. This industry’s motto is growth is life. More over, its chairman and managing director Mukesh D. Ambani had said that, “our fundamental belief is that for us growth is a way of life and we have to grow at all times’’. Moreover, in a statement he had said that “Setting the stage for the next wave of growth and value creation”. But under corporate social responsibility rule of the government, this industry has also a Reliance foundation existing there, which works with some of the most vulnerable and marginalized communities across India (www.ril.com). However, obviously this industry’s main motive is profit making for themselves only. On the other hand, a public policy is created in an open with the public debate etc and it has the force of law as well, which everyone has to obey it in a state(www.course hero.com), which includes India as well for its development purpose.

A public policy has mostly no limitations, where as a private policy has limitations in a state or a society, which includes India. A major characteristic differentiating a state’s public policy from its private organizations private policy is that its monopoly over the legitimate use of coercion with regard to deal a public policy for its people development purpose. This is applicable to India as well. Moreover, a government in a state has the power to legally incarcerate people if any that particular people did any crime, whereas private organizations etc cannot do this. Authoritativeness is a necessary condition for an effective public policy in a state or a society, which includes India. But some of the public policies widely violated in a state even though they are authoritative (James E. Anderson,2015). But despite this, public policies are more relevant than private policies in a state, especially in India. This is because the scope of the government extends to deal almost all aspects of people lives in a state (Paul Cairney, 2012). This is applicable to India as well for its development purpose.

However, to cope up with varied problems and demands of the people, a government in a state has to deal many policies, and these policies are called as public policies. In fact, public policies are as old as governments in their respective states or societies in the world. This is exists in India as well. Whatever be the form of the government such as oligarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, monarchy and democracy etc. In addition to this, whenever and wherever governments in their respective states have existed and existing, public policies have been formulated, passed and implemented for the development of their concerned people during those particular and present governments of their respective states regimes (Dr. Richa Rathore, 2017).

The public policy practice is as old as civilization itself in a state, which includes India. In a broad sense, analysis of the public policy date back to the beginning of civilization itself in a state or a society. However, a public policy is the study of a government’s decisions and actions designed to deal with the matters of public concern. A public policy is mostly for dealing with their people based on a political government’s ideology (Charles L. Cochran and Eloise F. Malone, 2007). Elucidate literally, a policy refers to a rule, which is a guide to decision making at various levels in a state. Hence, any rule that affects the public at large or particular people or all members of a community is the subject matter of a public policy, which comes under a government or governments in a state (Rajesh Chakrabarti and Kaushiki Sanyal, 2017).

The public policies are the results from a government’s decisions in a state rather than not those of other actors in that particular state such as private companies or other non governmental organizations etc (Michael Howlett, 2011). This is applicable to India as well. A public policy in a broad perspective refers to a policy that deals whether only particular people covered or separately whole people covered is regarded as a government policy in a state. More over, if a state’s public policy is applicable for the whole public, which means the whole people in a state are entitled to get that and it is regarded as a government public policy. In addition, public policy is described as an overall frame work within which actions of the government are under taken to achieve its goals in a state (Dr. Richa Rathore, 2017).

The public policies in a modern complex state are indeed ubiquitous. They confer mostly advantages, some disadvantages, cause mostly pleasure, some irritation and some pain as well in a state. Moreover, public policies in a state collectively have important consequences for the people well being and happiness. This is to be included in India as well for its development purpose. They constitute a significant portion of that particular society environment. Public policies in a state are developed by governmental bodies and its officials. Non- governmental actors and factors have some influence on public policies development in a state for the development of its people (James E. Anderson, 2015). This is applicable to India as well.

The various problems in a state such as environmental degradation, insufficient access to health care services and education etc are to be addressed through government’s action. More over, private action through private policies of private institutions etc actually do very little for these purposes in a state. India is a very vast and number one populous country in the word. So, public policies are very important for the development of its country. The public policy is a course of government’s action or inaction in response to various public problems. The public policies are dealing at various level in a state. For example, in India, public policies have been dealing by the central governments, state governments, and local body governments for the development of its people purpose etc. However, the public policies are shaped by social, economic, political and cultural contexts in a state (Michael E. Kraft and Scott R. Furlong, 2013). This is applicable to India as well.

Perspectives of Public Policy for the Development of India: There are numerous perspectives in the form of definitions or meanings there for the concept of the public policy. These different authors definitions drawing on different aspects issues of the public policy process gives us multiple perspectives for the implication of implementation of public policies for the development of India. These are analysed below.

John Dewey has described the public policy as focusing on the public and the problems. Which means, while dealing a public policy in a state, a government has to focus on the people and their different problems. This has to be follow in India for its development. While, Howlett and Ramesh have stated that “public policy is at its most simple a choice made by a government to undertake some course of action” (Michiel S. De Vries, 2016). Whereas, Lowi and Ginsburg have defined the public policy as “an officially expressed intention backed by a sanction, which can be a reward or a punishment” (Frank Fischer, Gerald J. Miller and Mara S. Sidney (editors), 2007).

The United States of America’s (USA’s) political scientist Thomas R. Dye had defined the term public policy as “what governments do, why they do it and what difference it makes”. James Anderson had defined the concept of public policy as “a purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern”. Harold Lasswell, who was an USA’s political scientist had defined the public policy as “a projected program of goals, values and practices” (Joseph Stewart JR., David M. Hedge and James P. Lester, 2008). Moreover, Harold Lasswell had defined the public policy as government decisions and he also noted that they were composed of two inter related elements such as policy goals and policy means, which operating at different levels of abstraction (Michael Howlett, 2011).

According to Lawrence Mead, “public policy is an approach to the study of politics that analyses government in the light of major public issues”. The author B. Guy Peters had stated that “public policy is the sum of the activities of governments, whether acting directly or through agents as it has an influence on the lives of citizens” (Barbara J. Nelson, 2011). Robert Eyestone had termed the public policy as “the relationship of government unit to its environment”. Whereas Richard Rose had said that “public policy is not a decision; it is a course or pattern of activity” (Jay M. Shafritz, E.W. Russell and Christopher P. Borick, 2016). As per Meny and Thoening, “A public policy is the product of the activity of an authority invested with public power and governmental legitimacy”. Lemieux had said that “a public policy is the product of activities aimed at the resolution of public problems in the environment by political actors whose relationships are structured. The entire process evolves over time” (Peter Knoepfel, Corinne Larrue, Frederic varone and Michael Hill, 2011).

According to Cochran et al, public policy means “the actions of government and the intentions that determine those actions” (Paul Cairney, 2012). Michael Kraft and Scott Furlong have said that “public policy is a course of government action (or inaction) taken in response to social problems” (Larry N. Gerston, 2010). While David Easton, who was a political Scientist had defined the public policy as “an authoritative allocation of values for the whole society”. The author Dimock had stated public policy as “deciding at any time or place what objectives and substantive measures should be chosen in order to deal with a particular problem”. According to Chandler and Plano, who defined public policy as “the strategic use of resources to alleviate national problems or governmental concerns”.

Where as Freeman and Sherwoods have stated that it is the public answer to the interest in refining the human circumstances. In these definitions there is deviation between what governments agree to do and what they essentially do. The public policy is a controller which government has planned for direction and practice in certain problem areas (http://anucde.info/ Public%20Policy.pdf). Henry had defined public policy as, “A script adopted and pursued by the government” (http://anucde.info/Public%20Policy.pdf).

According to Thomas A. Birkland (2005), consensus is lacking on a more precise definition of public policy. He had out lines several possible definitions of public policy, always starting with the actions of government and the laws and appropriations that determine those actions. He then indicated that the elements common to all definitions of public policy are 1) it is made in the name of the public 2) it is generally made or initiated by governments 3) it is interpreted and implemented by public and private players from corporations and non-profit institutions and 4) it also includes what the government chooses not to do (Douglas Gomery, 2008).

However, in Indian context, a public policy is defined as a government’s rules and programmes considered by individually or collectively, i.e. an authoritative decisional output of a political system in forms of laws, ordinances, court decisions, executive orders, decisions or even unwritten understanding of what is to be done (Hoshiar Singh and Pardeep Sachdeva, 2012). In the scholarly literature, there is a general consensus that a public policy is defined as a course of action or non-action taken by a government legislature with regard to a particular issue in the state.

An analysis of public policies put the contents of its policies centre stage for evaluation with regard to whether they were successful or not, what are the changes needed for their improvement etc in a state (Christoph Knill and Jale Tosun, 2012). In short, a public policy is concerned with how various issues and various problems come to be defined as well as constructed. In addition to this, how they are placed on the political policy agenda in order to deal for the development of people in a state (Wayne Parsons, 2005). So, India has to adopt these perspectives of public policies in order to develop its country to become a developed country.

The Significance of Public Policy Issues for the development of India:

The public policy in general has become less interventionist, controlling and obtrusive. Instead there is today, a stronger emphasis of the regulatory role of the state(B.Guy Peters and Jon Pierre, 2006). However, the significant issues of public policy for implementation in India for its overall development are analysed below.

The public policy refers to a set of interrelated decisions governments make to select goals where the market is not working. The government officials in a state establish laws and institutions to correct the perceived problems in a continual process that involves elected officials, government employees, lobbyists and public policy experts. Public policy is the making of government rules and regulations to benefit not one individual but a society as a whole (Douglas Gomery, 2008). This is applicable to India as well for its development.

The study of public policy has been rapidly developing in the fields of social sciences subjects over the past several decades. This is a matter of fact that the development of public policy analysis first began in the north American continent state of USA. Subsequently, this had adopted in the same continent state of Canada and Europe continent states of Netherlands and United Kingdom. After this, this has been spread to other countries in the world. As social scientists developed more methods and tools, both law and public policy analysis, originally conceived of as a branch of political science expanded to include all social scientists, but in the 21^st century public policy analysis is dominated by lawyers and economists (Douglas Gomery,2008). Moreover, in the 21^st century also public policy has been using more significantly as part of public administration, which includes in India. So, India has to continue this in order to develop its country.

While the study of policies has a long history, the systemic study of public policy on the other hand can be said to be a 20^th century creation. It dates to the progressive era, when early social scientists began to recommend and rank possibilities for solving public problems. Then public policies included policies having to do with against crime, removal of poverty, to take care of health as well as education and maintain foreign affairs. Later it expanded as problems changed and by the close of the 20^th century also included policies bearing on energy, the environment, defence and other social welfare issues (Douglas Gomery, 2008). So, India has to adopt the relevant issues for the development of its country.

The public policy has been driven by an influence of economics. Origins of the policy is usually attributed to the writings of Harold Dwight Lasswell, who was considered to be the founder of the policy sciences (Frank Fischer, Gerald J. Miller and Mara S. Sidney(editors), 2007). Moreover, he wrote an article on “The Policy Orientation”. This was published in an edited book entitled “The Policy Sciences”. This book was edited by Daniel Lerner and Harold D. Lasswell (Peter Deleon, article, 2008).

The public policy is a process or a series or pattern of governmental activities, which is designed to remedy public problems as well as achieve its aim goals in a state, which includes India. Public policies are always subject to change on the basis of new or better policies come up. Some public policies use to keep on continue as well in a state, which includes India. The characteristic of a public policy is that it is formulated, implemented and evaluated by authorities in a political system state (Joseph Stewart JR., David M. Hedge and James P. Lester, 2008). This is applicable to India as well.

Another characteristic of public policy, according to David Easton is that authorities in a political system State such as elders, paramount chiefs, executives, legislators, judges, administrators, councillors, monarchs, etc. use to deal public policies related to different matters. Public policies are those produced by government officials and its various agencies. Moreover, these policies usually effect substantial numbers of people in a State. Public policy is an authoritative and it is a law in a state. Public policy has the legally coercive enable quality which the private policy does not has in a state(James E. Anderson, 2015). This is applicable to India as well for its development purpose.

The public policies are classified as general or specific, broad or narrow, simple or complex, written or unwritten, explicit or implicit, discretionary or detailed, qualitative or quantitative in a state, which includes India. Public policy use to help people lead to a better quality of life in a state. Moreover, it acts as a developmental policy in a state. A public policy has a goal, objective and a purpose in a state. A public policy is either positive or a negative in form. In its positive form, it involves some form of overt government action to deal a particular problem. On other hand, in its negative form, it involves a decision by government not to take action on some matter in a state. India has to adopt these relevant issues to make India a developed country.

Public policies relevance is increasing due to technological development in the states and especially in developing countries(which includes India). The later is because, there is a great pressure on the governments to develop their respective countries overall. This is applicable to India as well. Moreover, the size and scope of public policies are enhancing in these countries, which includes India. Public policy is meant for serving a state. This is a device for improving economic and social system in a state. It is also a mechanism for shaping the future as well. Through public policies, elimination of poverty and prevention of crime through adoption of right policies possible in a state (R.K. Sapru, 2011). India has to adopt these relevant issues to make India a developed country by 2047, as a vision by BJP led NDA central government of India under prime minister ship of mr. Narendra Modi.

All public administration in a state by its government is inherently an instrument of policies; whether that instrument plays well, poorly or not at all. A public policy is whatever government decides to does or not to does. Moreover, it is what a government does in response to a political issue. In addition to that, it is the sovereign government who makes a legitimate policy in a political society state(Jay M Sharfritz, E.W. Russell, Christopher P. Borick, 2016). This is applicable to India as well for its development.

The public policy has increasing its importance due to an emergence of modern states, technological innovation and globalization. Some contemporary scholars have argued that a government is not designed to be merely a responsive nor they assert is government even neutral or benign rather these writers content that government institutions and office holders possess powerful tools for altering traditional arrangements. This is because to deal an effective public policy in a state. This has been successfully doing in India by BJP led NDA central government under prime ministership of mr. Narendra Modi since 2014 for the development of India. So, this same government has to be continued to adopt these in order to achieve India a developed country. For example BJP manifesto of Lok Sabha election 2024 mentioned that to make India a global manufacturing hub. This will be also a very essential public policy has to be implement in order to make India to become a developed country in the world. On the other hand, the Congress party manifesto of Lok Sabha election 2024 is regarded as not good for the people and its India’s development. For example, the Congress party ideology manifesto talks about mainly five justice without any important issues of production etc. Moreover the Congress party promised justice policies are not at all good for the people of India and its development.

It is very difficult to say that what are the government concerns areas of the public policies. It varies from a state to a state in the world. Generally it seems education, health, transportation, house, security, anti corruption, good environment, sanitation, avoid plastic recycling, provide clean drinking water, anti terrorism, technological development and good infrastructure etc are important examples of public policies issues for a state, which includes India. It is also important to know that a society benefits or suffers because of its government policies activities in that particular state. So, a state has to be make as far as possible good policies for its people and its particular state development purpose. This is essential because suppose a state through its government making anti people policies means these are regarded as anti human government policies in that particular a state. This is applicable to India as well.

Prior to the 17^th and 18^th centuries, most public policies were related to the self survival and threats from foreign enemies in a state. At this time, political organization and infrastructure were less important. In fact, there were few decisions to makes by a government and those who made these were either dictators, monarchs, small rulers or unrepresentative legislative bodies. During the 19^th century, representative government has began for functioning in some parts of countries in the world. Because of this, an increased political participation by larger portions of the public governments decisions became greater importance and legitimacy. Moreover governments began to focus on the problems of their respective countries citizens(Larry N.Gerston, 2010).

During early 20th century, social scientists moved aggressively to professionalize their respective disciplines. The establishment of policy analysis as a field that was perceived as a legitimate in the social sciences academics. Consequently, this was found useful for the governments in their respective states in the world (Nicholas Henry, 2006). The importance of public policy has increased in the present 21^st century because the present modern various states governments in the world have moved its role from government to governance, which means for example the government in a country has to also additionally have the responsibility of providing governance to its people also with active involvement of its people. Britain is an example of this(Peter Dorey, 2014). However, India is also an example of this and this has been implementing very successfully by the BJP led NDA central government under the prime ministership of mr. Narendra Modi since 2014 for the development of India.

The public policy has a micro and macro perspective for dealing policies in a state (Hoshiar Singh and Pardeep Sachdeva, 2012). This is applicable to India as well. A public policy refers to a purposive course of action established by a government officials, that is binding on the residents of the whole community in a state. Public policies are very relevant in the democratic states in the world. This is because public policy in a democracy state strives to open the political process to all its citizens. The purpose of public policy in a democratic state is that the development of individuals to the fullest capabilities as much as possible. This is applicable to India(which adopted democratic) as well for its development.

In addition, public policy choices are also there in a democratic state for the development of its population. Ideally, a Public Policy in a state should not abridge an individual’s exercise of basic rights (Richard C. Box, 2015). The public policies are also dealing by international institutions like World Bank and International Monetary Fund etc and international organizations like United Nations Organization and World Trade Organization etc for the mutual benefit of among the concerned member states through their respective these institutions and organizations in the world. This is applicable to India as well, because India is a member state of all these four institutions and organizations. So, these international institutions and organizations have to be make as far as possible good public policies for the development of humanity in the world.

The policy process and the input of public policy experts depends of the degree of democracy of the nation state. If some form of democracy is in play, then lawmakers at the federal, state, and local levels are voted into office and asked to make public policy that is best for their constituencies. But in more autocratic nations, the decisions are simply made at the top and implemented(Douglas Gomery, 2008). So, India has to continue its democratic form of governments for the development of its country.

The public policy is best described as the broad area of government laws, regulations, court decisions and local ordinances. Today, government affects all aspects of our lives. Everyone has a stake in the public policies enacted by federal, state and local governments. Many citizens and groups try to influence public policy through the political process by supporting candidates and political parties. That's a good way to make a positive impact, but not the best way(https://www.mackinac.org/1542). So, the relevant issues are applicable to India as well.

Public policy plays a crucial role in forming the guidelines and principles of a society, so they’re a necessary part of governing and politics. Since public policy is formed as a collective effort between governments, institutions, and even regular citizens, it’s an important and effective way to have your voice heard (https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/what-is-public-policy/). This is applicable to India as well for its development.

In any economic system, there is a role for the state and for government policy. While the specifics of this role, its mandate and its extent would differ from one economic system to another. A legitimate government and its policies are at a minimum essential for the preservation of security, social harmony, the legal system, and sustained economic prosperity. In the realms of economics and finance, the role of the state is multifaceted and can be minimal to dominant, depending on the system and societal goals. A government should intervene in a society to improve its economic and social conditions(https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137381996_1,). So, So, the relevant issues are applicable to India as well for its development.

As far as economic goals and priorities are concerned, in every society and nation state, economic prosperity is the overriding goal. However, policies to achieve this goal are very different from one society to another. As a result of differing priorities, the target, focus, and the nature of government policies vary significantly across countries. While the level of GDP and its growth rate are quick and useful indicators of a country’s economic success and power, they are dependent upon a country’s size, resources, and population(https://link.springer.com/ chapter/10.1057/9781137381996_1). These are applicable to India as well for its development to make India a developed country.

CONCLUSION:

To sum up this article, compared to private policy, public policy is more relevant for a state in order to develop its respective state people purpose, which includes India. Moreover, this relevance will be there consistently in the future as well for above mentioned purpose obviously and also due to some uncertainties, for example natural calamities. This is applicable to India as well. The governments have to be work as far as possible effectively in order to deal with good public policies for the benefit of their particular state people purpose. This is applicable to India as well. However, it is important note that a government in a state has to be expand its full percentage of public policies in order to keep preserving its sovereignty without any foreign state’s occupation. Moreover, this is also useful for the development of its state people and its state development purpose in the present on going globalisation in the world. So, this is applicable to India as well for its development to make India a developed country in the world by 2047 as a possible realistic vision of the BJP central government in India.

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Received on 10.05.2024 Modified on 27.05.2024

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2024;15(3):201-208.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2024.00031